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Physiology 2 > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the testes outside the body?

A

Overheating of the testes cause a reduced sperm count

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2
Q

Where are Sertoli cells found?

A

On the basement membrane

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3
Q

What is the normal volume of the testes?

A

15-25ml

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4
Q

What are the walls of the seminiferous tubules made up of?

A

Tall columnar epithelial Sertoli cells

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5
Q

What forms the adluminal compartment?

A

Tight junctions between the tall columnar epithelial Sertoli cells

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6
Q

What are the spaces between the seminiferous tubules filled with?

A

Blood and lymphatic vessels, leydig cells and interstitial fluid

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7
Q

What process forms a primary spermatocyte from spermatogonia?

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

What process forms a secondary spermatocyte from a primary spermatocyte?

A

Meiosis I

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9
Q

What process forms a spermatid from a secondary spermatocyte?

A

Meiosis II

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10
Q

Are spermatogonia haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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11
Q

Are primary spermatocytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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12
Q

Are secondary spermatocytes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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13
Q

How often does spermatogenesis start?

A

Every 16 days

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14
Q

How long does the entire spermatogenesis process take?

A

74 days

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15
Q

What are the three steps in spermatogenesis?

A

Mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia, meiosis and development of spermatocytes and then spermatogenesis, elongation, loss of cytoplasm and movement of cellular contents

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16
Q

How do the spermatids stay connected to one another?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges between cells

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17
Q

Why do the spermatids stay connected to each other?

A

Allows synchronous development

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18
Q

What is the primary steroidal function of the Leydig cells?

A

Contain LH receptors and convert cholesterol into androgens

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19
Q

What are the intratesticular testosterone levels like when compared to plasma?

A

Double

20
Q

What type of receptors do Sertoli cells contain?

A

FSH

21
Q

What is the steroidal function of Sertoli cells?

A

Convert androgens to oestrogen

22
Q

What happens if you take anabolic steroids (testosterone)?

A

Reduce the FSH from the pituitary leading to testicular atrophy because of diminishing Sertoli cell production

23
Q

What part of the nervous system controls erection?

A

Parasympathetic

24
Q

What part of the nervous system controls movement of sperm into the penile urethra?

A

Sympathetic

25
Q

What part of the nervous system controls expulsion of glandular secretions and eviction of the penile urethra?

A

Somatic

26
Q

What part of the somatic nervous system is involved in ejaculation?

A

Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve from nerve roots S2-S4

27
Q

On average, how many sperm are produced every day?

A

300 million

28
Q

How many sperm are in an average ejaculate?

A

120 million

29
Q

What is the volume of normal ejaculate?

A

1.5-6 ml

30
Q

How much sperm is lost before reaching the ampulla of the uterine tube?

A

99.9%

31
Q

Where does the seminal fluid contain secretions from?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
Epididymal fluid

32
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce?

A

Clear, viscous mucus high in salt

33
Q

What is the purpose of the bulbourethral gland secretions?

A

Lubricates the urethra for sperm to pass through and neutralising traces of acidic urine

34
Q

How much of the ejaculate is made up of seminal fluid?

A

50-70%

35
Q

What does the seminal fluid contain?

A

Proteins

36
Q

Why does the seminal fluid contain a high concentration of fructose?

A

Energy source

37
Q

Why does the seminal fluid have a high pH?

A

Protects against the acidic environment of the vagina

38
Q

How much of the seminal fluid is made up of prostatic fluid?

A

30%

39
Q

What enzymes are in the prostatic fluid?

A

Proteolic enzymes, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigens

40
Q

Why does the prostatic fluid contain such a high concentration of zinc?

A

Antibacterial

41
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

<15 million/ml sperm in semen

42
Q

What is aspermia?

A

Complete lack of sperm in semen

43
Q

What is the acrosome full of?

A

Enzymes

44
Q

Why is the acrosome full of enzymes?

A

Break down the outer layers of the oocyte

45
Q

What is the axoneme?

A

9 pairs of fibres that run longitudinally down the sperm tail

46
Q

What does the axoneme allow?

A

Movement of the sperm tail

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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