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Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain development - 4 wk embryo?

A

3 primary brain vesicles develop from neural tube

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2
Q

Brain development - 5 wk embryo?

A

5 secondary vesicles develop

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3
Q

*Telencephalon turns into?

A

cerebrum

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4
Q

*Diencephalon turns into?

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

*Mesencephalon turns into?

A

midbrain

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6
Q

*Metencaphlon turns into?

A

pons, cerebellum

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7
Q

*Mylencephalon turns into?

A

medulla

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8
Q

Basic regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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9
Q

*Ventricles of the brain?

A
  • fluid-filled spaces in central portions of the brain
  • lined by ependymal cells
  • contains CSF
  • continuos w/ e/o and central canal of spinal cord
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10
Q

*How many ventricles in the brain?

A

2 lateral ventricle - in cerebral hemisphere
third-in diencephalon
fourth - from pons to medulla

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11
Q

*Circulation of ventricles?

A

o Lateral ventricles → intervetricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → Lateral apertures, medial aperture, central canal and spinal cord → subarachnoid space (lateral aperture + medial aperture)

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12
Q

Hydrocephalus?

A
  • overproduction of CSF

- obstruction of flow (tumor, swelling, meningitis, overdeveloped choroid plexus in newborns

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13
Q

Hydrocephalus in babies?

A

Do not have the head sutures did not form → skull expands

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14
Q

Hydrocephalus in adults?

A

Presses down on the brain (affects brain fxn)

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15
Q

Hydrocephalus - tx?

A

shunt in to the area of the blockage to drain

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16
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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17
Q

Parts of frontal lobe?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
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18
Q

Primary motor cortex?

A
  • Found in precentral gyrus
  • Conscious control of movement
  • Skilled and precise (pyramidal cells)
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19
Q

Premotor cortex?

A
  • Learned motor skills that are repetitious

- Patterned

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20
Q

Riding a bike, typing, driving?

A

Premotor cortex

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21
Q

Prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Anterior association area

- Cognitive fxn

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22
Q

Intellect, judgment, reasoning, abstract ideas, complex problem solving, conscience?

A

prefrontal cortex

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23
Q

Parietal lobe cortex parts?

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association area
  • Gustatory cortex
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24
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex?

A
  • Found in post central gyrus
  • Conscious awareness of general sensation
  • ID body region being stimulated
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25
“Ow, that’s hot. I stubbed my toe” etc?
Primary somatosensory cortex
26
Somatosensory association area?
Integrate and analyze sensory inputs
27
“Finding a coin in your purse without looking.”
somatosensory association area
28
Gustatory cortex?
taste
29
*What is important to know about the cerebral cortex?
Processes sensory and motor information for contralateral body
30
Gryus?
Elevated ridge of tissue
31
Sulcus?
Shallow groove that separates gyri
32
Fissure?
- Deeper groove | - Separates large regions of brain
33
Longitudinal fissure?
Separates cerebral hemispheres
34
Transverse fissure?
Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
35
Temporal lobe?
- Primary auditory cortex | - Olfactory cortex
36
Occipital lobe?
Primary visual cortex: Contralateral visual field information
37
Homunculus?
Both precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus have specific mapping
38
Cerebral white matter?
- Communication between cerebrum and lower CNS - Deep to gray matter of cortex - commissures, association fibers, projection fibers
39
Commissures?
- Corpus callosum | - Connects two hemispheres
40
Association fibers?
W/in regions of same hemisphere
41
Frontal lobe and occipital lobe on the LEFT side?
Association fibers
42
Basal ganglia?
- Deep cerebral gray matter - Involved in controlling movement - Influences muscle movement directed by primary motor cortex - Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
43
*Diencephalon?
- surrounds third ventricle | - thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
44
*Thalamus?
-Relay center -Mediates: o Sensation o Motor activity o Cortical arousal o Memory -Has different nucleus that is responsible for sensory and motor fxn
45
*Hypothalamus?
-Autonomic control center: sympathetic and parasymphetic → visceral motor -Center for emotional response and behavior -Regulates: o Body temperature o Food and water intake o Sleep-wake cycle -Endocrine control
46
*Breathing, HR, BP, digestive – no control!
visceral motor (hypothalamus)
47
*Epithalamus?
- Pineal body (gland) | - Choroid plexus
48
Pineal gland?
makes seratonin
49
*Choroid plexus?
- found in all ventricles | - makes CSF
50
*Cerebellum?
-Subconscious control -Smooth, coordinated movement -Receives information from: o Cerebral cortex about intended movement o Rest of body -Helps maintain posture and equilibrium -2 cerebellar hemispheres
51
Vermis?
connects two cerebellar hemispheres
52
Folia?
parallel ridges in cerebellarl hemispheres
53
*Parts of brainstem?
- midbrain - pons - medulla
54
*Midbrain? Cranial nerve?
- Visual reflex center - Auditory reflex center - Substantia nigra - Cranial nerves III & IV
55
*Visual reflex center?
- midbrain | - eyes closing when something comes at your face
56
Auditory reflex center?
- midbrain | - startled by noise
57
Substantia nigra?
- midbrain | - dopamine related
58
Parkinson dz?
less dopamine b/c less substantia nigra in midbrain
59
*Pons? Cranial nerve?
-Tracts between: o Higher brain and spinal cord o Motor cortex and cerebellum -Cranial nerve V, VI and VII
60
*Medulla?
- Helps maintain body homeostasis - Cardiovascular center - Respiratory center - Sensory relay - Continuous w/ spinal cord - Cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI, XII
61
*Limbic system?
- Widespread throughout forebrain - Emotional brain * Smell that reminds you of… something! (Sander’s Lysol aversion) – emotional responses that remind you of memories
62
*Reticular formation?
- Throughout brainstem - Arousal of whole brain – not in a coma - Reticular activating system
63
*Reticular activating system?
- Mediates alertness of cerebral cortex - Filters sensory inputs – ability to ignore sounds/itchy - Helps prevent sensory overload – to help concentrate on topic
64
*Reticular formation motor?
Helps control coarse skeletal muscle movement
65
*Reticular formation visceral?
Helps regulate visceral motor fxn
66
*Meninges?
- CT coverings of CNS - Cover and protect CNS - Protect BV and enclose venous sinuses - Contains CSF - Form partitions in skull
67
*Meninges - parts?
duramater arachnoid pia mater
68
*What are the 5 embryonic regions of the brain?
``` telencephalon dienchephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon ```
69
*What are the functional brian systems?
- limbic | - RAS
70
Dural sinuses?
formed by layers of dura mater | veins that drain the brain (blood and CSF) - into intenral jugral v
71
Meninges spaces?
epidural subdural subarachnoid
72
Spinal - Epidural meningeal space?
between mater and periosteum of bone true space area of epidural anesthesia
73
spinal - Subdural meningeal space?
potential space
74
spinal - Subarachnoid meningeal space?
deep to arachnoid contains CSF true space lumbar spinal puncture
75
Gray matter?
CNS | unmyelinated fibers
76
White matter?
CNS | myelinated nerve fibers
77
Ganglion?
nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system
78
Nucleus?
nucleus is a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS | ie basal nuclei
79
Corticospinal tract: where do they run? info carried? ipsilateral or contralateral?
run: arises in cerebral cortex and passes through internal capsule, pons, medullary pyramids - crosses at medulla info carried? voluntary control over motor responses; fine movements voluntary control of half of the body by contralateral
80
Dural sinuses parts?
``` superior sagittal sinus inferior sagittal sinus straight sinus confluence transverse sinus sigmoid sinus ```
81
Superior sagittal sinus?
median plane | superior border of falx cerebri
82
Inferior sagittal sinus?
inferior free border of falx cerebri
83
Straight sinus?
joining of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein of Glane
84
Confluence sinus?
common drainage for superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus
85
Transverse sinus?
posterior border of tentorium cerebelli
86
Sigmoid sinus?
S shaped outside dura mater | most dural sinsues drain into it - internal jugular vein
87
Cavernous sinus?
surrounds pit gland on each side of sella turcica connects facial v; route for infection (danger triangle)
88
Cavernous sinus relationship?
``` pit gland optic chiasm internal carotid a abducent n (CN VI) CN III, IV, V1 and V2 ```
89
Blood supply to the brain?
internal carotid a vertebral a cerebral arterial circle/circle of willis
90
Internal carotid a?
anterior cerebral a anterior communicating a middle cerebral a (not in circle of willis) ophthalmic a (not in circle of willis)
91
Anterior cerebral a?
medial and superior surfaces of cerebral hemispheres - except occipital lobes frontal pole
92
Middle crebral a give blood to?
most of lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere (frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes) temporal pole
93
Opthalmic a?
eye and orbit | travels w/ optic nerve
94
Vertebral a?
basilar a | posterior cerebral a
95
Posterior cerebral a?
inferior aspect of temporal and occipital lobes | occipital pole
96
draw the circle of willis
draw!
97
Spinothalamic tract: where do they run? info carried? ipsilateral or contralateral?
run: nucleus in dorsal horn --> crosses to contralateral white matter in lateral funiculus; through brainstem and synapse in thalamus info: pain and temperature contralateral to thalamus
98
Medial lemnisucus: where do they run? info carried? ipsilateral or contralateral?
run: sensory fibers enter spinal cord and travel ipsilateral fasciculus gracilis; fibers cross midline w/in medulla info carried: proprioception ipsilateral
99
Anatomy of spinal cord?
runs from foramen magnum to L2 medullary cone cauda equina filum terminale
100
spinal cord in adults?
shorter than vertebral column
101
Medullary cone?
tapered inferior end of spinal cord
102
Cauda equina?
collection of nerve fibers of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that emerge from distal spinal cord and travel inferiorly and exits through vertebral foramen
103
Filum terminale?
consists of CT and pia mater attached form end of spinal cord through sacral hiatus to coccyx inferior anchoring/connecting point
104
Blood supply to spinal cord?
anterior spinal artery runs length of cord and supplies anterior 2/3 of the circumference of spinal cord posterior spinal arteries: two smaller arteries that run the length of cord and supply posterior 1/3 of circumference of spinal cord
105
Spinal meninges?
fxn: support and protect layers: dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter
106
Dura mater-spinal meninges?
outermost | forms dural sac
107
Arachnoid-spinal meninges?
spider like | middle
108
Meninges?
``` connective tissue coverings of CNS cover and protect CNS, BV, and venous sinuses contains CSF form partitions in skull -dura mater -arachnoid -pia mater ```
109
Dura mater - meninges?
falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli daphragma sellae
110
Arachnoid-meninges?
arachnoid granulations | weblike
111
Pia mater -spinal cord
thin vascularized adherent to surface of brain and spinal cord Part of Filum terminale

Anatomy (11 decks)

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