Neurology/Embryology

Question 1

Differentiate between upper motor neuron signs and lower motor neuron signs

Answer 1

UMN - hyperreflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone
Lmn - decreased or absent spinal reflexes and decreased muscle tone

Question 2

Do proprioceptive deficit indicate central or peripheral vestibular disease

Answer 2

Proprioceptive deficits indicate a central lesion

Question 3

Describe motor signs with lesions to c1-c5

Answer 3

All 4 limbs show upper motor neuron signs (hypereflexia)

Question 4

Describe motor signs with lesions to C6 - T2

Answer 4

LMN to thoracic , UMN to pelvic

Question 5

Describe motor sign with a T3 - L3 lesion

Answer 5

Normal thoracic , UMN in pelvic

Question 6

Describe motor signs with a L4 - S1 lesion

Answer 6

LMN in pelvic limbs, anus and bladder, normal thoracic

Question 7

Describe motor signs with a L4 - S1 lesion

Answer 7

LMN in pelvic limbs, anus and bladder, normal thoracic

Question 8

How can you assess cranial nerve 2 - the optic nerve

Answer 8

PLR and dazzle reflex (shine light in eye, looking for partial blink)

Question 9

If n patient does not have a dazzle reflex - where is the lesion

Answer 9

Cranial nerve 3 - oculomotor

Question 10

Which cranial nerve closes the eyes and with what

Answer 10

Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor - levator palpebrae superioris muscle

Question 11

Which cranial nerve closes the eyes and with what

Answer 11

Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor - levator palpebrae superioris muscle

Question 12

Strabismus indicates a lesion in what cranial nerve - why

Answer 12

Urial nerve 3 - oculomotor, responsible for innervating dorsal, medial and ventral rectus muscles which are responsible de humoral and vertical eye movement

Question 13

Medial strabismus specifically indicates a lesion in what cranial nerve - why

Answer 13

Cranial nerve 4 - trochlear - innovates dorsal oblique; could also indicate a lesion in cranial nerve 6 (abducens) which innovates the lateral rectus

Question 14

What are the 3 branches of cranial nerve 5 the trigeminal nerve

Answer 14

Mandibular, ophthalmic and maxillary

Question 15

How can you assess the trigeminal nerve - why

Answer 15

Palpebral - opthalamic branch provides sensory to the eye, eyelids and cornea

Question 16

Which cranial nerve is responsible for opening the eyes - with what

Answer 16

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) - orbicularis oculi muscle

Question 17

What is the function of cranial nerve 7

Answer 17

Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, taste to the rostral 2/3 tongue

Question 18

Otitis media can cause deficits in which cranial nerve and why

Answer 18

Cranial nerve 7 and/or 8 - runs through the middle ear

Question 19

What clinical signs do you see with lesions in the vestibulocochler nerve

Answer 19

Nystagmus/ vestibular signs

Question 20

What is cranial nerve 9

Answer 20

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 21

What clinical signs can you see with injury to cranial nerve 10 - vagus nerve

Answer 21

Dystonia, dysphagia, megnesophagus, inspiratory dyspnea

Question 22

What are cranial nerves 10 - 12

Answer 22

10 - vagus
11- accessory
1w- hypoglossal

Question 23

What are the 4 components of Horners syndrome

Answer 23

3rd eyelid protrusion, miosis, ptosis (drooping eyelid), enopthalmos (retracted globe)

Question 24

On top of the 4 classic signs of horners, what additional signs can you see in large animals

Answer 24

Hyperthermia in cows and sweating in horses

Question 25

On top of the 4 classic signs of horners, what additional signs can you see in large animals

Answer 25

Hyperthermia in cows and sweating in horses

Question 26

What are causes of horners syndrome

Answer 26

Chest neoplasia, idiopathic, chronic otitis, hypothyroidism, guttural pouch mylosis

Question 27

With central vestibular signs you'll see - and -

Answer 27

Central nystagmus and conscious proprioceptive deficits

Question 28

With paradoxical vestibular disease, the lesion will be on the side of

Answer 28

The central signs and conscious proprioceptive deficits (away from the peripheral signs)

Question 29

A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF with microabscesses on the brainstem indicates

Answer 29

Listeriosis

Question 30

A neutrophilic pleocutosis on CSF tap with xanthrochromia

Answer 30

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (teme) caused by histophilus somni

Question 31

How do you treat listeriosis

Answer 31

Procaine penicillin

Question 32

What type of clinical signs do you see with listeriosis

Answer 32

Unilateral drooped lips, fever, drooling , asymmetric cranial nerve deficits, abortion in cattle

Question 33

What is a big difference between TEME and polioencephalomalacia

Answer 33

TEME shows a high fever and respiratory signs before CNS signs sometimes

Question 34

It an animal is in active epilepticus - what do you do

Answer 34

Give diazepam rectally

Question 35

What is your treatment goal with a head trauma case

Answer 35

Lower intracranial pressure while keepinga high paO2 to prevent causing an hypoxemia

Question 36

Generalized tonic clinic seizures without interictal abnormalities indicates

Answer 36

Status epileptic is

Question 37

Describe the cushings reflex

Answer 37

Increased intracranial pressure leads to compensatory systemic hypertension, then causing a decreased heart rate

Question 38

How should you decrease blood pressure with a cushings reflex

Answer 38

Never do this! In eliminate cerebella blood now and kill the patient

Question 39

Dobermans, Great Danes and thoroughbreds are all predisposed to

Answer 39

Cervical spondylopathy

Question 40

What clinical signs do you normally see with cervical spondylopathy

Answer 40

Ataxia/ paresis of all 4 limbs, umn signs in all 4 limbs

Question 41

Voiding of the bladder has to do with what process

Answer 41

Parasympathetic stimulation of the pelvic nerve to stimulate the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall) leading to contraction of bladder

Question 42

Storage of urine in the bladder has to do with what process

Answer 42

Sympathetic and somatic stimulation - the hypogastic nerve stimulates Beta receptors in the detrusor muscle to relax and stimulates alpha receptors in the internal urethral sphincter ; the pudendal nerve also stimulates the external sphincter muscle to contract

Question 43

What on ultrasound would indicate a pylonephritis

Answer 43

Hydronephrosis (dilation) of the renal pelvis and ureters with a lack of corticomedullary definition

Question 44

How do you definitively diagnose pyelonephritis

Answer 44

Renal biopsy