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NAVLE > Clin Path And Hematology > Flashcards

Clin Path And Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Lactate is a reflection of -, how?

A

Reflection of anaerobic metabolism - kept is produced from pyruvate in anaerobic environments to keep glycolysis going

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2
Q

What can you measure to assess perfusion

A

Lactate - Normal is 2.5

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3
Q

Polychromasia is a sign of

A

Regenerative anemia - immature RBCs, being released into circulation

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4
Q

How can you raise PCV 1%

A

Give 1 ml /kg of packed RBCs

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5
Q

When do you give a blood transfusion

A

If PCV is less than 20% with acute blood loss

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6
Q

Describe major cross matching

A

Donor RBCs to recipient plasma

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7
Q

Describe minor cross matching

A

Donor plasma to recipient RBCs

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8
Q

What are the most clinically relevant blood hypes in the

A

B and J

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9
Q

What coag pathways are evaluated with pt and PTT

A

Pt - extrinsic and common
PTT - inhinail and common

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10
Q

What does the buccal mucosal bleeding time assess

A

Platelets

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11
Q

What can you measure besides pt and ptt if you are concerned about DIC

A

Antithrombin time

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12
Q

What can you measure besides pt and ptt if you are concerned about DIC

A

Antithrombin time

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13
Q

If you have hypocalcemia - what else should you check for and why

A

Check for hyproproteinemia because calcium measured on chemistry is protein bound - double check if real with an ionized calcium

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14
Q

What are common causes of hypocalcemia

A

Eclampsia, renal disease, phosphate enema toxicity, ethylene glycol toxicity

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15
Q

What are common causes of hypercalcemia

A

Neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, hypervitaminisis D

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16
Q

What are common causes of hypercalcemia

A

Neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, hypervitaminisis D

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17
Q

What does normal joint fluid contain on cytology

A

Small mononuclear cells without neutrophils

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18
Q

Joint said full of mostly neutrophils indicates

A

Supportive inflammation

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19
Q

Describe a granulomatous inflammation

A

Mostly monocular cells - lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

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20
Q

Describe a pyogranulomatous joint fluid

A

Mix of neutrophils and mononuclear cells

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21
Q

How can you confirm an immune mediated thrombocytopenia

A

Spherocytes on a blood smear

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22
Q

How do we treat IMTP

A

Azathioprine - immunosuppresive drug

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23
Q

What is a Coombs test

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A

Blood test to detect antibodies to RBCs

24
Q

How in you diagnose IMHA

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A

See spherocytes, agglutination, polychromasia , smaller deep red RBCs with a lot of hemoglobin, regenerative anemia on CBC

25
How do you treat IMHA
Just like IMTP - azathioprine immunosuppressant
26
What is hemophilia A - how do you treat -
Severe inherited coagulation deficiency of factor 8 causing prolonged act and APTT - treat with plasma
27
What is hemophilia A - how do you treat -
Severe inherited coagulation deficiency of factor 8 causing prolonged act and APTT - treat with plasma
28
What coagulation disorder are Bassett hounds predisposed to - describe it
Canine thrombopathia - inherited platelet disorder where platelets fail to aggregate and excrete granules
29
Describe an iron deficiency anemia
Microcytic hypochromic non regenerative anemia
30
DIC is a severe coagulopathy where both - and - are occurring
Thrombosis and hemorrhage
31
What clinical signs can you see with DIC
Thrombocytopenia, elevated pt and ptt, positive D diners , decreased antithrombin
32
What cytokine is most important for sirs - systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Interleukin 1 - major upregulator of inflammatory response
33
What clinical signs can you see with sirs
Fever, leukopenia and tachycardia
34
Describe type I hypersensitivity and its causes
Ig E mediated immune sensitivity, often caused by vaccinations
35
Describe type I hypersensitivity and its causes
Ig E mediated immune sensitivity, often caused by vaccinations
36
Why do type 2 immune hypesensitivities occur
Antibody mediated to IgG or igm against normal self antigens and foreign antigens
37
Why do type 2 immune hypesensitivities occur
Antibody mediated to IgG or igm against normal self antigens and foreign antigens
38
What can cause type 3 hypersensitivities - what can cause this
Immune complexes overwhelming macrophages leading to arthritis, nephritis , uveitis -can be caused by sulfa drugs in Dobermans
39
What can cause type 3 hypersensitivities - what can cause this
Immune complexes overwhelming macrophages leading to arthritis, nephritis , uveitis -can be caused by sulfa drugs in Dobermans
40
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity
Delayed cell mediated response - has to do with helper T cells producing cytokines
41
What is SDH specific for
Liver specific in cow, sheep, horse and goat
42
What is the best measure of liver function
Products like bun, sibrinoga, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol, coagulation factors
43
A rise in creatinine is proportional to a fall in
GFR
44
Elected venal valves with a hyper concentrated urine indicates _
Prevent azotemia, dehydration
45
How much renal function has to be lost in a dog , horse and cat before the kidney can not concertante urine anymore
65% - dog, 75% -cat, horse -66%
46
How much renal function has to be lost in a dog for an azotemia to develop
75%
47
What does hyposthenuria indicate about renal function:
Means the kidneys are working - need the kidneys to dilute urine
48
What are indications to perform a urine culture
Isosthenuria or if there are wbcs or bacteria found in the urine
49
When do you perform a water deprivation test
In patients with normal renal values and a low USG in the face of adequate hydration
50
What are you trying to diagnose with a water deprivation test
If pu/pd in an animal is due to diabetes insipidus or psychogenic water consumption
51
What causes a post renal azotenmia
Urinary obstruction or ruptured urinary bladder
52
What is pigment nephropathy
Kidney condition where toxic pigments like hemoglobin or myoglobin build up in the kidneys
53
What can cause a renal azotemia
Aminoglycoside toxicity , pigment nephropathy, ingestion of oxalate containing plants
54
What can cause a renal azotemia
Aminoglycoside toxicity , pigment nephropathy, ingestion of oxalate containing plants
55
What causes release of ADH - antidiuretic hormone
Hyperosmorality and decreased circulating blood volume
56
Aldosterone increases kidney resorption of - while ADH increases kidney absorption of -
Aldosterone - increases sodium resorption ADH - increases water resorption

NAVLE (19 decks)

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