Exotics Flashcards
1
Q
What can not be used to treat A nematode infection in turtles
A
Ivermectin - it is highly toxic and causes paresis, paralysis and death
2
Q
What is cnemidocoptes pilae
A
A mite in birds that can cause scaly leg and a proliferative honeycomb beak - treat with topical or oral ivermectin
3
Q
What signs would you expect in a bird with avian pox
A
Skin lesions, diptheric membrane (tough gray members made of dead cells, bacteria, etc) or septicemia
4
Q
What lesions wold you expect in a bird infected with mycobacterium avium
A
Granulomatous disease in the liver or git
5
Q
What does chlamydophilia psittaci cause in birds
A
Psittacosis, lethargy, respiratory and GI signs
6
Q
What is psittacosis (parrot fever)
A
Lung infection cased by chlamydia psittaci
7
Q
What is far top differential in a mouse showing dyspnea , chattering, and weight loss
A
Sendai vins casing preemania - infection subclinical in rats and hamsters
8
Q
Where should intraosseous catheters be placed in birds
A
Ulna or tibiotarsus
9
Q
Why can you not use the humerus or tenor for io catheters in birds
A
They are pneumatized and fluids in aromatic bones lead to drowning
10
Q
What card cause hepatic lipidosis in birds and what signs would you see
A
High fat diets with oils - heavy birds in respiratory distress
11
Q
What is a xanthoma
A
Friable yellow fatty tissue accumulation
12
Q
What are signs of hypovitaminosis A in birds
A
Squamous metaplasia of the mucus membranes and submandibular abscessation
13
Q
Why does gout occur
A
When uric acid crystallizes forming urate crystals - Olivers when there is an inability to excrete uric acid or an over production of uric acid
14
Q
What is Leuprolide and what is it used for in birds
A
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) analog - shuts down reproductive hormones in the bird to stop production of eggs (ovulation) - treats chronic egg laying leading to disease
15
Q
What is a synasacrum
A
Fused lumbosacral region in birds
16
Q
What sort of clinical signs would you see with aspergillosis infections
A
Respiratory signs
17
Q
Do birds have neutrophils
A
No - they have heterophils same function
18
Q
How many air sacs do birds have
A
9
19
Q
How much of a birds blood can you safely take
A
1%% of BW
20
Q
What is the causative agent of avian tuberculosis
A
Mycobacterium avium
21
Q
What can and can’t be used to treat whip worm infections in carrels
A
Can use panacur, ivermectin is not effective
22
Q
What drugs should you not give to reptile in the caudal half of their body and why
A
Aminoglycosides like gentamicin - reprices have the renal portal system and aminoglycosides can be nephrotoxic
23
Q
Can you give birds gentamicin
A
No - toxic
24
Q
What usually causes goiter in budgies
A
Dietary deficiency in iodine
25
How do you normally treat berserk male syndrome / aberrant behavior syndrome in camelids
No treatment - usually euthanized
26
What is choanal atresia and who is mostly affected
Alpacas mostly - congenital disease causing an opening between nasal and pharyngeal area blocked by membranes or bony tissue
27
What clinical signs can you see with choanal atresia
Difficulty breathing, nursing , open main breathing, nostril flare, weakness, cyanosis - may also present with other congenital isles like angular limb deformities
28
A cria presents with his rostral muzzle rotated 90 degrees - what is this called
Wry face
29
Should you breed camelids with a history of choanal atresia and wry face
No -genetic components
30
Discuss the pathogenesis of meningeal worm
White tailed deer are infected , worms reside in the brain and larvae are passed in the feces where snails or slugs become infected which are then ingested by camelids where the kruse migrate to spinal cord then brain
31
What clinical signs can you see with meningeal worn infection in camelids
Hind end paresis progressing to front end, recumbency, paralysis,ataxia, hypermetria
32
How do you diagnose meningeal worm in camelids
Eosinophilia on a CSF tap
33
How do you treat meningeal worm in camelids
Ivermectin to deworm
34
When will a fetus became persistently infected if infected by BVD - bovine viral diarrhea virus
If infected at 60-100 days
35
What virus that infects camelids can lead to persistently infected crias who are a continuous source of shedding
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
36
What clinical signs are present in camelids infected with BVDV
Adults - lethargic , stillbirths, abortions
Crias- congenital defects, poor growth, pneumonia, diarinea
37
How do you diagnose BVDV
Nasal pcr or serology titers
38
When are you most likely to see cases of vitamin D deficiency in camelido
Winter/low light times - in crias or young growing animals born to vitamin D deficient dams
39
What clinical signs can you see with vitamin D deficiency in crias
Angular limb deformity I gait abnormalities, hunched back posture , poor growth, unthriftiness
40
How can you diagnose vitamin D deficiency in crias
Will see grown plate widening and failure of ossification
41
What is the name of the blood parasite that infects camelids - describe it
Mycoplasma haemolamae - parasite attaches to erythrocytes and causes anemia
42
What is the name of the blood parasite that infects camelids - describe it
Mycoplasma haemolamae - parasite attaches to erythrocytes and causes anemia
43
What clinical signs would you see with mycoplasma haemolamae
Most asymptomatic or subdinical - might see weight loss, will see severe signs or death it a concurrent disease or immune sustain suppression
44
How do you diagnose mycoplasma haemolamae
Can see the parasite on a blood smear or PCR
45
What is the most common cause of anemia in camelids
Haemonchus contortus - barber pole worm
46
What is the biggest thing to remember when it comes to h, contortus infections
Anthelmintic resistance is common
47
What are the clinal signs you’d see with H. Contortus infections
Severe anemia - PCV less than 10% , weakness, anorexia
48
Describe eimeria macusaniensis
Large coccidia with thick walled cysts making it very hardy and persist in the environment
49
Describe eimeria macusaniensis
Large coccidia with thick walled cysts making it very hardy and persist in the environment
50
Describe clinical signs of eimeria macusaniesis
True diarrhea in crias, weight loss , gastroenteritis, hypoproteinemia leading to electrolyte abnormalities and things like edema, organ dysfunction
51
How many parasites do you need to with eimeria macusaniesis to cause disease
Small amount of parasites cause disease so animal can die showing signs
52
Describe clinical signs of camelids infected with chorioptes mites
Legs, axial, inguinal, ears, face affected with alopecia, severe crusting, licherification
53
What is the causative agent of snuffles in rabbits - what type of pathogen is it
Pasteurella Multocida - respiratory pathogen
54
What is the causative agent of snuffles in rabbits - what type of pathogen is it
Pasteurella Multocida - respiratory pathogen
55
What can ivermectin cause in turtles
Paresis, paralysis and death
56
What can ivermectin cause in turtles
Paresis, paralysis and death
57
Describe common antibiotic therapy in rodents like hamsters and guinea pigs and why it is that way
Mostly just use enrofloxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol because many other antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin cause enterotoxemia and disruption of gut normal flora
58
Describe common antibiotic therapy in rodents like hamsters and guinea pigs and why it is that way
Mostly just use enrofloxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol because many other antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin cause enterotoxemia and disruption of gut normal flora
59
Can you house turtles and snakes together
No - turtles are subclinical carriers of entamaebo invadens protozoal organism which can cause GI signs and death in snakes
60
What antibiotic would you choose to treat proliferative bowel disease in ferret.
Chloramphenicol to treat the Lawsonia causing proliferation
61
What flea adulticide is toxic to rabbits
Fipronil
62
What is goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland swelling - thyroid hyperplasia/dysplasia
63
What are clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in snacks
None - snakes don't have bladders
64
What are clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in snacks
None - snakes don't have bladders
65
Define dysecdysis
Abnormal shedding
66
Define dysecdysis
Abnormal shedding
67
Describe clinical signs seen with ich
White spots on gills and skin, erratic behavior
68
What clinical signs do you see with gill rot
Angel disease causing respiratory distress due to thrombosis and necrosis of the gills
69
What clinical signs do you see with whirling disease caused by myxobolus/ myxosoma
Deformation of the head and spine resulting in inability to swim properly
70
Why can you not use erythromycin in rabbits
It has gram positive activity which can alter the intestinal biome of the rabbit leading to intestinal disease
71
You see red brown crusting on the neck and in the ears of a rabbit - what is your top differential
Psoroptes cuniculi
72
Describe lesions of psorioptes cuniculi in rabbits
Nonburrowing ear mite of rabbits - crusting, scaling, head shaking, ear drooping , pruritis
73
What parasite carried by raccoons can cause fatal CNS signs in humans
Baylisacaris - ascarid /roundworm
74
Describe estrous in a rabbit
Rabbits are induced ovulatprs so they don't display estrous
75
What is another name for macaw wasting disease
Proventicular dilation syndrome - weight loss, good appetite
76
Which bores in a bird do you avoid placing an introsseous catheter and why
Humerus and femur should be avoided because they are pneumotized
77
Which bones in birds should you place an intraosseous catheter in
Ulna or tibiotarsus
78
Where is the best place to take blood in a bird
Jugular vein
79
What is a trichobezoars
Hair ball
80
Trichomonas is treated with
Metronidazole
81
What causes SCUD in turtles
Citrobacter freundii
82
What is the only FDA anesthetic for fish
MS 222 - tricane memanesulforate
83
How many heart chambers do fish have
2
84
Erratically swimming fish with white spots on skin make you suspect
Ich
85
What is the most common bacterial disease of fish
Aeromonas salmonicidia - furmalosis of salmonids
86
Eventually swimming fish with deformed heads and spire, especially in rainbow trout make yo suspect -
Whirling disease - myxobolus cerebralis
87
What fish are mostly affected by hole in the head disease (herpes) - what is the presentation
Catfish (channel cat virus ) - erraticly swim then spin then die
88
Describe gill rot - wich species is usually effected
Carp and eels - respiratory domen due to gill necrosis leading to thrombosis of blood vessels in gills
89
What is your top differential for an aquarium fish with skeletal deformities and erosions on the fin
Mycobacteria is
90
What clinical signs in you see with columnaris disease
White plaques with red peripheral zones that became skin ulcerations
91
How do yw test for TB in monkeys
Intradermally in the eyelids
92
What 3 antibiotics can you use in rodents and why
Enrohoxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol - others like penicillin can cabe enterotoxemia
93
What can you absolutely not use to treat psoroptes caniculi in rabbits
Fipronil (fontire) - very toxic to rabbits
94
What causes phacoclastic cataracts in rabbits
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
95
What can hypovitaminosis C cause in guinea pigs
Scurvy - leads to painful swollen joint, loose teeth and dental malocclusions
96
What causes a sialodacryoadenitis in rats
Bleeding from the eyes - coronavirus
97
Differentiate between mammary tumors in rats and mice
Rats - benign fibroadenomas, surgery
Mice - anaplastic and invasive, surgery is not a good idea
98
What do you do if you diagnose lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a mice colony
Euthanize the colony - zoonotic concern
99
What clinical signs can you see with Sendai virus in mice
Respiratory disease leading to weight loss, chattering and death
100
If you have a ferret with an insulinoma - what should you absolutely not do and why
Don't fast for over 6 hours Or can cause a fatal hypoglycemia
101
What do ferrets eat
Strict carnivore diet - high levels of plant protein con cause urolithiasis
102
What can you not give in the caudal half of replies ad why
Can not give aminoglycosides like gentamicin because of the renal portal system (blood from could half passes trash kidney before heart )
103
How many heart chambers do reptiles have
3 heart chambers
104
What can happen if you feed reptiles a raw fish diet
Neuralgic signs due to trimmings leading to a deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)
105
What causes metabolic bone disease in reptiles - what does it ultimately lead to
Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism - which causes imbalances in calcium, vitamin D3 and phosphorous - leads to calcium being reabsorbed from bones causing weak bones
106
Why is UV light important for reptiles
Need UV light to convert vitamin D to vitamin D3 and they need vitamin D3 to properly reabsorb calcium
107
How do you treat metabolic bone disease in reptiles
Give vitamin D3 every 4 weeks - otherwise can overdose and cause soft tissue mineralization
108
What normally causes dysecdysis
Inadequate humidity
109
You find an acid fast staining organism in a reptile with weight loss and regurgitation - what is it and what do yo do
Cryptosporidium - euthanize due to zoonotic risk and no effective treatment
110
What causes infection stomatitis in reptiles
Aeromonas species
111
What clinical signs can you see with a cute infected with hypovitaminosis A
Respiratory disease - nasal discharge, open mouth breathing, edema of eyelids, swelling of the ears, also see renal disease or squamous metaplasis
112
What type of diet can lead to hypovitaminosis A in turtles
Diet of only fruits and insects
113
What causes septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles and how do you treat
Citrobacter freundii - treat with chloramphenicol
114
Why should you not house turtles and snakes together
Turtles carry entamoeba invaders which doesn't affect then but can cause severe GI signs and death in snakes
115
What clinical signs in snakes make you suspect inclusion body disease - how is this transmitted
Inability to right itself - transmitted by ophiopysiss natricus
116
An iguana fed a high protein diet is at risk of
Renal failure and hypertension
117
Birds have - heart chambers and - trachea rings and - air sacs
4 heart chambers, complete tracheal rings and 9 air sacs
118
A bird presents with a swollen distended neck - what is your top differential
Ruptured cervical air sacs
119
How much blood can you draw from a bird safely
1% of body weight
120
Can you feed avocados to parrots
No- cause myocardial necrosis
121
Can you feed avocados to parrots
No- cause myocardial necrosis
122
An all seed diet can lead to what in birds - what does that cause
Calcium deficiency causing a calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D3 imbalance Or can cause a hypovitaminosis A leading to squamous metaplasia of mucus membranes and glands
123
What clinical signs on you see with hypovitaminosis A in birds fed an all seed diet
White plaque in mouth, respiratory disease and distress , renal disease/ blunted choanal papilla
124
A yellow Mass on the tip of a birds wing with FNA findings of macrophagic inflammation and cholesterol clefts indicates -
Xanthoma - accumulation of friable yellow fatty tissue, benign growth of lipids and cholesterol
125
Progressive unilateral leg lameness in a bird makes you worry about - why?
Renal adenocorcinoma - tumor presses on the sciatic nerve
126
What is goiter in birds - what causes it and how does it present
Thyroid hyperplasia - caused by an iodine deficiency, leads to voice changes, Stertor , wheezes, regurg
127
How do you treat synovial gout in birds - why
Allopurinol to decrease uric acid formation and a low protein diet
128
What is hemochromatosis / hemosiderosis - how does it present
Too much iron accumulation in the liver, common in toucans with a history of poor feathering and argrown back
129
Feather pulling in cockatiels leads you to suspect - I how do you treat it
Giardiasis - treat with metronidazole
130
What is the diagnosis if you see an eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and spleen in a bird
Pachecos disease /herpes virus
131
What clinical signs will you see with pstittacosis - chlamydophilia psticcasis, parrot fever
increased respiratory rate due to air sacculitis, lime green urates, high white blood cells
132
What clinical signs can you see with pachecos /herpesvirus
Acute liver necrosis, irregular yellow diarrhea, sudden death, ruffled plumage
133
You suspect psittacosis in a bird (parrot fever) - what is your biggest concern
Zoonotic and reportable - can cause fever, chest tightness and sore throat
134
What will you see on histopath in a bird infected with poloma virus
Pale mottled spleen/liver with white pinpoint foci, petechiation and intranuclear inclusion bodies
135
What occurs in candidiasis - Candida albicans
Thickening of crop mucosa with secondary bacterial infections casing regurgitation, unthriftiness, crop stasis, malabsorption
136
What predisposes a bird to candidiasis
Prolonged antibiotics, spoiled feed, vitamin A deficiency - young birds sally
137
How can you treat candidiasis
Nystatin
138
How do you treat trichomoniasis in falcons causing white caseous lesions on the oral mucosa
Metronidazole
139
How can you differentiate between heavy metal toxicosis and liver disease
Heavy metal - red urates
Liver disease - green urates
140
What clinical signs lead you to suspect heavy metal toxicosis in birds
Red plasma, red urates, bright red droppings
141
What causes thrush in birds
Candidiasis
142
What is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis
Coronavirus
143
What is the causative agent of infectious laryngotracheitis
Herpesvirus
144
What type of virus causes Mareks disease
Adenovirus
