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Neurophysiology Flashcards

Block 2 (63 cards)

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1
Q

Nervouse system cell catagories

A

Neurons and neuroglia/glial cells

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2
Q

Neurons

A

DO NOT divide once mature, electrctrically excitiable, mahor functioning unit, once injured can change function and structure

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3
Q

Neuroglia / glial cells

A

helper cells, support system, involved in nutrition and maintance of cells

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4
Q

Classification of neurons

A

sensory, interneurons, motor

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4
Q

Types of neuroglia / glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

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5
Q

Sensory / Afferent

A

send input to Brian/spinal cells, are somatic and visceral

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6
Q

Interneurons / association neurons

A

found in brain/spinal cord, connecting motor and sensory

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6
Q

motor / efferent

A

send information from brain/spinal cord to muscle, are somatic and autonomic

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7
Q

Neuron structures

A

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar

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8
Q

Bipolar

A

2 processes connected to cell body, 1 axon 1 dendrite, found in retina, inner ear, and nose, are interneurons

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8
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

single stem axonal process that branches into 2 processes, does not have dendrites axonal processes, sensory nerves, in PNS + CNS

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9
Q

Mulipolar

A

1 axon and many dendrites, most common, motor and interneurons

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10
Q

Parts of neurons

A

dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon segments, axon, presynaptic terminals

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

receive signals from presynaptic terminals

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12
Q

Axon hillock + initial axon

A

known as triggering system, integrates signals, generates action potential

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13
Q

Axon

A

can be long, information conducting unit

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14
Q

Presynaptic terminals

A

end of axon, signals adjacent cells

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15
Q

Synapse

A

formed by presynaptic terminal of a cell

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16
Q

Synaptic celft

A

space between cells

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17
Q

Dendritic spines

A

has small protrusions of membranes, specialized receptors for chemical transmitters

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18
Q

Myelin sheath

A

modified plasma membrane, around axon orignates from schwann in PNS and oligo in CNS

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19
Q

Comminication and signaling steps

A
  1. receptor recieves
  2. receptor converts
  3. integrated at axon hillock intial axon segments
  4. AP maybe generated
  5. AP travels rapidly
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19
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

interrups mylein sheath, critical for myelin functioning

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20
Q

Mylein-generating cells

A

only creates for one segment

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21
Myelinated fibers
conduction is proportinal to diameter, wider and longer is faster
21
Schwann cells
cytoplasm ting inside and out of sheath, AP travels along axon
22
Resting membrane potential functions
1. concentration of ions in and out 2. differential permability of ions, more perable to K than Na 3. Na K pump is energy dependend, pumps Na out and draws K in against gradient
23
Membrane potential changes
by synaptic signals, all cells have electrical potential across membranes,
24
Neurotransmitters
bind to receptors, can open or close selective channels, can be postive (excitatory) or negative (inhibitory)
25
Excitatiry postsynaptic potential
ESPS, makes inside more positive, increases chance of reaching cellular threshold
26
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
ISPS, makes inside more neegative, decreaes change of triggering AP
27
Action potential
begins at axon initial segment, the dramitic changes from membrane reaching threshold,
28
Voltage-gated ion
1. stimulus : ESPS + ISPS 2. Depolarization : opens Na flow 3. Repolarization : closes Na, opens K 4. Hyperpolarization : K flows through leak + voltage-gates 5. Return to resting potential
29
Propagation of AP
from trigger zone, postive changes spread adjacent to resting segments,
30
Classes of neurotransmitters
AA, AA derivatives, peptides
31
Synapse
casues CA voltage-gate channel to open, increases Ca levels, cause fusion of synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters release vesicles by exocytosis, triggers cellular response
32
need to know nurotransmitters
GABA, acetylcholine, epineprine
33
3 layers of brain and spinal connective tissues
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
34
Dura mater
Thick outermost layer, fused with inner skull surface, protects CNS
35
Arachnoid
Spiderweb appearance, think loose tissues, subarachnoid space
36
Subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid + pia mater, traps CSF and circulates + absorbs
37
Pia mater
Inner most layer, adheres to CNS surface
38
Ventricular system
Has 4 expanded regions that form ventricles, foramiana, and tubes
39
Later ventricles
Longitudinally in each hemisphere, connected with 3rd
40
Third ventricles
Surrounds internthalamic adhesion, connects to 4th
41
Fourth ventricle
Connects to subarachnoid space + central spinal cord canal
42
Ependymal cells
Lines ventricular systems and are highly specialized
43
Choroid plexuses
Form most CSF, cauliflower-like growth of capillaries
44
Cerebrospinal fluid
Most formed at choroid plexuses, also formed in subarachnoid space and ventricles
45
CSF production
Mediated by ionic transport with isometric gradients, Na movement it accompanied by Cl HCO3, also water following gradient
46
Is CSF ultrafiltrated blood
No, also is not same as interstitial fluid
47
2 ways neuron/neuralgia cells receives essential materials
Capillaries in choroid plexuses + interstitial capillaries
48
CSF flow
LITMF - lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, mesencephalic aqueduct, fourth ventricle
49
CSF formation flow and absorption
High due to replacement several times a day
50
Arachnoid villi
Absorbs CSF from subarachnoid space
51
CSF absorption
Pressure dependent + unidirectional
52
CSF analysis + myelography
Cell count, morphology, chemical constituents can be sampled, often by spinal tap or myelography
53
Myelography
Injection of dyes used with CT scans
54
Blood Brain / Blood CSF
Barrier between both, located at choroid plexuses and capillary membranes in brain
55
BBB
Low permeability is how cells join, have specific carrier molecules, slightly permeable to Na, Cl, K
56
Astrocytes form
Peri vascular around capillary endothelium
57
What water-soluble molecules does the brain need
Glucose, large neutral AA and small neutral AA, all have restricted passage
58
P-glycoprotein pump
Removed substances that done need to get to bbb, atp dependent, herding breads are prone to mutation of this

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