Flashcards in Neurophysiology of Emotion Deck (75):
1
The limbic system is now recognized to control, or be involved in controlling
emotional behavior
motivational drives
2
Anatomy of the limbic system - Hypothalamus
key player
emotional experience
physiological responses (connection to ANS)
3
Anatomy of the limbic system - Olfactory areas (para-olfactory)
olfaction and emotion strongly linked
parts of limbic system deal with olfaction (in addition to emotion)
4
Anatomy of the limbic system - Thalamus
anterior nucleus part of papez circuit
other regions involved in both input and output of limbic system
5
Anatomy of the limbic system - Basal Ganglia
particularly nucleus accumbens
other regions (e.g. putamen) play a DIFFERENT role in emotion
6
Anatomy of the limbic system - Hippocampus
another part of the papez circuit
plays a role in learning/memory
Memory and emotion are strongly linked
7
Anatomy of the limbic system - Amybdala
association with emotion recognized very early
particularly fear
plays a role in learning and memory
8
Anatomy of the limbic system - Cingulate cortex
mostly paleocortex (3 cell layers)
some parts have full 6 layers
important feature - many of these neurons show after discharge (like when you are mad and can't let it go)
9
7 brain regions and their function in emotion
1. hypothalamus - used to create physiologic response to emotion
2. olfacctory cortex - odors as stong stimulus for emotion
3. Thalamus - relays sensory information inot system
4. Basal Ganglia - tied to pleasure, disgust
5. Hippocampus - links emotion to memory creation
6. Amygdala - strongly linked with fear, was considered core of all emotional responses
7. anterior cingulate cortex - higher level control, sadness
10
more recent research has provided evidence for the idea that certain :basic: emotions are common across cultures? species (6) and controlled by _____
separate neural substrates
1. pleasure
2. fear
3. sadness
4. avoidance
5. disgust
6. anger
11
It appears that the neural circuits for _________ are also involved in producing _______ in ourselves
regognizing emotion in others
that emotion
12
Someone who cannot experience an emotion cannot
recognize it in someone else
13
Mirror neuron system
these neurons fire both when you do something (smile) and when you see someone else do that.
their role in imitation and imitative learning are more clear cut, but it is becoming clearer that they are important in emotional processing
14
The core of the reward/pleasure system
Ventral tegmental area
nucleus accumbens
15
Major input to the pleasure/reward system sends
DOPAMINE to target neurons
(very closely related to the SNPc)
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The ventral segmental area receives excitatory input from (3)
pre-frontal cortex
lateral hypothalamus
laterodorsal tegmental N.
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The ventral segmental area receives excitatory input from (3) places - what are the NT they use
Pre frontal cortex - EAA
lateral hypothalamus - orexin
laterodorsal tegmental N - Ach
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The ventral segmental area receives excitatory input from (3) places - what are the NT they use
Pre frontal cortex - EAA
lateral hypothalamus - orexin
laterodorsal tegmental N - Ach
19
The ventral segmental area provides a ______ input to the ________ via the _______
dopaminergic
nucleus accumbens
median forebrain bundle
20
The nucleus accumbens
the third nucleus in the striatum
often referred to as the ventral striatum
has the same basic micro-circutry as the others
direct and indirect pathways
21
In addition to dopaminergic VTA input, the NAc also receives excitatory inputs from (3).
These inputs appear to use what NT?
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
EAA
22
Output from NAc is to
NAc use what NT here
the prefrontal cortex
GABA
23
NAc also sends a GABAergic input where
BACK to the VTA
the cotransmitter dynorphin is also released in the VTA
24
The pleasure/reward systems receive inputs from multiple_____
opioid pathways
25
particular importance of opioid inputs to the VTA
opioid inputs to the VTA inhibit a subset of GABAergic interneurons.
This INCREASES the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
26
Describe the reward (pleasure) system and how the 3 nuclei participate in producing pleasure
1. VTA - receives inputs and releases dopamine in NA to lead to feeling of pleasure
2. NAc - part of striatum - D1 activate direct; D3 inhibit indirect pathways. When active, GABA is released to produce pleasure
3. prefrontal cortex - receives input allowing pleasure from NAc
27
The input to the NAc is mediated by ________, it;s effect in the NAc is generally _____
Dopamine
inhibitory
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VTA releases ______ onto ______, which then releases less _______ to the ______= PLEASURE
dopamine
NAc (inhibitory)
GABA
prefrontal cortex
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The effect of dopamine release is to _________ in the prefrontal cortex and allow _______
decrease GABA releas
activity of the reward pathways
30
The effect of dopamine release is to _________ in the prefrontal cortex and allow _______
decrease GABA releas
activity of the reward pathways
31
Producing pleasure - activation
1. via EAA to VTA
2. via orexin to VTA
1. prefrontal cortex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
2. lateral hypothalamic nucleus
32
'Preventing pleasure' - Activation of NAc
via increased EAA to NAc
prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
33
Producing pleasure - the opiods
increased opiods come from multiple sources and work as a diffuse system to increase pleasure (work on VTA and NAc)
34
Opiod input system also activates
locus ceruleus
periaqueductal grey
35
What is the point?
to reinforce the occurrence of certain behaviors that are important for our survival (like eating)
36
The pleasure/reward system is basically a ________ system
positive feedback
37
Reward/pleasure system - dopamine
released by VTA neurons who's axons terminate in the NAc
Binds to D1, D2, D3 receptors,
D2 or D3 inhibitory, predominate
38
Reward/pleasure system - GABA
released by NAc neurons whose axons terminate in the prefrontal cortex
also fibers terminating in VTA from NAc or interneruons within VTA
39
Reward/pleasure system - the opiods
major action - inhibit GABA interneuron in VTA --> VTA releases more dopamine in NA --> intense feeling of pleasure (euphoria)
40
To produce pleasure
VTA
Nac
GABA
experience
activate VTA
inhibit the NAc
less GABA in the prefrontal cortex
experience pleasure
41
To inhibit pleasure
VTA
NAc
GABA
experience
-
activate the NAc
more GABA in the prefrontal cortex
prevent pleasure
42
Two kinds of fear
Innate (unconditioned)
learned (conditioned)
43
Innate (unconditioned) fear
fear that requires no experience
in animals, associated with olfactory cues
Humans - debated, falling and loud noises most frequently cited
44
Learned (conditioned) fear
learned fom experience
in humans, the experience can be indirect (watching someone else experience a frightening thing)
45
Learned (conditioned) fear
learned fom experience
in humans, the experience can be indirect (watching someone else experience a frightening thing)
46
Neuroanatomical basis for fear - amygdala
processing and recognition of social clues related to fear
emotional conditioning in response to fear
memory
47
Neuroanatomical basis for fear - inputs
inputs (both the thalamic and via the cortex) arrive at the lateral nucleus of the amygdala
48
The lateral nucleus of the amygdala does what?
integrates the inputs (i.e.. the pairing of sound and an electrical shock)
49
The paired information is sent from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to where?
to the basal and intercalated nuclei for additional processing
50
information about fear from the lateral, basal and intercalated nuclei is sent to___________ which decides________. The ______ is an important component of generating the physiologic responses
the central nucleus of the amygdala
what responses are required and relays information appropriately
hypothalamus
51
In the individual with damage to the amygdala, fear is
not perceived, therefore conditioning related to fear does not occur
52
Neuroanatomical basis for Sadness - anatomical substrate
lower sector of the anterior cingulate cortex
strongly activated when recalling sad events
53
Neuroanatomical basis for Avoidance - anatomical substrate
lateral posterior hypothalamus
dorsal midbrain
entorhinal cortex
54
Although we don;t understand the system particularly well, the punishment/avoidace system is designed to oppose the occurrence of behavior. Describe long term and short term
in the long term, behavior usually has negative consequences, but the short term may be neutral or positive
55
Neuroanatomical basis for disgust - anatomical substrate
insular cortex/putame
processing and recognition of social cues related to disgust
damage (including huntington's disease) abolishes
56
Neuroanatomical basis for Anger/rage
amygdala
requires dopaminergicc input acting at D2 receptors
57
inhibition of anger/rage requires
neocortex
ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei
septal nuclei
58
Pleasure
VTA, NA - dopamine. positive feedback system to encourage behavior
59
Anger
involves amygdala and dopaminergic D2 receptor activation
60
Fear
inputs from thalamus and cortex come into lateral n of amygdala, pressed and sent to basal and intercalated n. , outflow from amygdala via central n. to various places for physiologic consequence
61
Disgust
putamen and insular cortex is strongly involved (loss of ability to recognize in Huntingtons dz)
62
Sadness
lower pole of anterior cingulate cortex
63
Integrating the inputs Step 1 - the anterior cingulate Cx
functionally divided into 2 regions
Ventral= affective
dorsal = cognitive
64
Integrating the inputs Step 1 - the anterior cingulate Cx
Role in emotion
integration of visceral, attentional and emotional input
Regulation of AFFECT - particularly top-down control (controlling our emotions)
Monitors or detects conflict between our function al state (right now) and new information that has potential or motivational consequences.
It does;t decide what to do, but relays the information to…. the prefrontal cx
65
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
Two divisions
ventromedial
dorsolateral
66
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
ventromedial division
receives input from
amygdala, hippocampus, temporal visual association area, dorsolateral prefrontal cx (the other division)
67
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
ventromedial division
receives input from
amygdala, hippocampus, temporal visual association area, dorsolateral prefrontal cx (the other division)
68
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
dorsolateral division
receives input from
motor areas, including basal ganglia, pre and supplementary motor cortex
cingulate cortex, especially parts related to performance monitoring
several cortical association areas
69
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
division we are interested in?
Ventromedial division
70
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
Three roles
Reward processing
integration of bodily signals
top down regulation
71
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
reward processing
(orbitofrontal) - with the amygdala, we link new stimulus to a primary reward
72
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
integration of bodily signals
(ventromedial prefrontal) - the "gut feeling" decision when logical analysis is unable to help
73
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx
top down regulation
especially towards delayed gratification
74
Role of anterior cingulate cx - summary
ventral region
integration of all sensory and emotional processing
controlling emotional display
conflict detection - what new information has the power to change how i;m feeling
75