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Neurophysiology of Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

The limbic system is now recognized to control, or be involved in controlling

A

emotional behavior

motivational drives

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2
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Hypothalamus

A

key player
emotional experience
physiological responses (connection to ANS)

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3
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Olfactory areas (para-olfactory)

A

olfaction and emotion strongly linked

parts of limbic system deal with olfaction (in addition to emotion)

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4
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Thalamus

A

anterior nucleus part of papez circuit

other regions involved in both input and output of limbic system

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5
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Basal Ganglia

A 
particularly nucleus accumbens
other regions (e.g. putamen) play a DIFFERENT role in emotion
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6
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Hippocampus

A

another part of the papez circuit
plays a role in learning/memory
Memory and emotion are strongly linked

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7
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Amybdala

A

association with emotion recognized very early
particularly fear
plays a role in learning and memory

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8
Q

Anatomy of the limbic system - Cingulate cortex

A 
mostly paleocortex (3 cell layers)
some parts have full 6 layers
important feature - many of these neurons show after discharge (like when you are mad and can't let it go)
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9
Q

7 brain regions and their function in emotion

A
  1. hypothalamus - used to create physiologic response to emotion
  2. olfacctory cortex - odors as stong stimulus for emotion
  3. Thalamus - relays sensory information inot system
  4. Basal Ganglia - tied to pleasure, disgust
  5. Hippocampus - links emotion to memory creation
  6. Amygdala - strongly linked with fear, was considered core of all emotional responses
  7. anterior cingulate cortex - higher level control, sadness
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10
Q

more recent research has provided evidence for the idea that certain :basic: emotions are common across cultures? species (6) and controlled by _____

A

separate neural substrates

  1. pleasure
  2. fear
  3. sadness
  4. avoidance
  5. disgust
  6. anger
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11
Q

It appears that the neural circuits for _________ are also involved in producing _______ in ourselves

A

regognizing emotion in others

that emotion

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12
Q

Someone who cannot experience an emotion cannot

A

recognize it in someone else

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13
Q

Mirror neuron system

A

these neurons fire both when you do something (smile) and when you see someone else do that.

their role in imitation and imitative learning are more clear cut, but it is becoming clearer that they are important in emotional processing

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14
Q

The core of the reward/pleasure system

A

Ventral tegmental area

nucleus accumbens

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15
Q

Major input to the pleasure/reward system sends

A

DOPAMINE to target neurons

very closely related to the SNPc

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16
Q

The ventral segmental area receives excitatory input from (3)

A

pre-frontal cortex
lateral hypothalamus
laterodorsal tegmental N.

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17
Q

The ventral segmental area receives excitatory input from (3) places - what are the NT they use

A

Pre frontal cortex - EAA
lateral hypothalamus - orexin
laterodorsal tegmental N - Ach

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18
Q

The ventral segmental area receives excitatory input from (3) places - what are the NT they use

A

Pre frontal cortex - EAA
lateral hypothalamus - orexin
laterodorsal tegmental N - Ach

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19
Q

The ventral segmental area provides a ______ input to the ________ via the _______

A

dopaminergic
nucleus accumbens
median forebrain bundle

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20
Q

The nucleus accumbens

A

the third nucleus in the striatum
often referred to as the ventral striatum
has the same basic micro-circutry as the others
direct and indirect pathways

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21
Q

In addition to dopaminergic VTA input, the NAc also receives excitatory inputs from (3).
These inputs appear to use what NT?

A

prefrontal cortex
amygdala
hippocampus

EAA

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22
Q

Output from NAc is to

NAc use what NT here

A

the prefrontal cortex

GABA

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23
Q

NAc also sends a GABAergic input where

A

BACK to the VTA

the cotransmitter dynorphin is also released in the VTA

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24
Q

The pleasure/reward systems receive inputs from multiple_____

A

opioid pathways

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25
particular importance of opioid inputs to the VTA
opioid inputs to the VTA inhibit a subset of GABAergic interneurons. This INCREASES the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
26
Describe the reward (pleasure) system and how the 3 nuclei participate in producing pleasure
1. VTA - receives inputs and releases dopamine in NA to lead to feeling of pleasure 2. NAc - part of striatum - D1 activate direct; D3 inhibit indirect pathways. When active, GABA is released to produce pleasure 3. prefrontal cortex - receives input allowing pleasure from NAc
27
The input to the NAc is mediated by ________, it;s effect in the NAc is generally _____
Dopamine | inhibitory
28
VTA releases ______ onto ______, which then releases less _______ to the ______= PLEASURE
dopamine NAc (inhibitory) GABA prefrontal cortex
29
The effect of dopamine release is to _________ in the prefrontal cortex and allow _______
decrease GABA releas | activity of the reward pathways
30
The effect of dopamine release is to _________ in the prefrontal cortex and allow _______
decrease GABA releas | activity of the reward pathways
31
Producing pleasure - activation 1. via EAA to VTA 2. via orexin to VTA
1. prefrontal cortex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus | 2. lateral hypothalamic nucleus
32
'Preventing pleasure' - Activation of NAc | via increased EAA to NAc
prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
33
Producing pleasure - the opiods
increased opiods come from multiple sources and work as a diffuse system to increase pleasure (work on VTA and NAc)
34
Opiod input system also activates
locus ceruleus | periaqueductal grey
35
What is the point?
to reinforce the occurrence of certain behaviors that are important for our survival (like eating)
36
The pleasure/reward system is basically a ________ system
positive feedback
37
Reward/pleasure system - dopamine
released by VTA neurons who's axons terminate in the NAc Binds to D1, D2, D3 receptors, D2 or D3 inhibitory, predominate
38
Reward/pleasure system - GABA
released by NAc neurons whose axons terminate in the prefrontal cortex also fibers terminating in VTA from NAc or interneruons within VTA
39
Reward/pleasure system - the opiods
major action - inhibit GABA interneuron in VTA --> VTA releases more dopamine in NA --> intense feeling of pleasure (euphoria)
40
``` To produce pleasure VTA Nac GABA experience ```
activate VTA inhibit the NAc less GABA in the prefrontal cortex experience pleasure
41
``` To inhibit pleasure VTA NAc GABA experience ```
- activate the NAc more GABA in the prefrontal cortex prevent pleasure
42
Two kinds of fear
Innate (unconditioned) | learned (conditioned)
43
Innate (unconditioned) fear
fear that requires no experience in animals, associated with olfactory cues Humans - debated, falling and loud noises most frequently cited
44
Learned (conditioned) fear
learned fom experience | in humans, the experience can be indirect (watching someone else experience a frightening thing)
45
Learned (conditioned) fear
learned fom experience | in humans, the experience can be indirect (watching someone else experience a frightening thing)
46
Neuroanatomical basis for fear - amygdala
processing and recognition of social clues related to fear emotional conditioning in response to fear memory
47
Neuroanatomical basis for fear - inputs
inputs (both the thalamic and via the cortex) arrive at the lateral nucleus of the amygdala
48
The lateral nucleus of the amygdala does what?
integrates the inputs (i.e.. the pairing of sound and an electrical shock)
49
The paired information is sent from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to where?
to the basal and intercalated nuclei for additional processing
50
information about fear from the lateral, basal and intercalated nuclei is sent to___________ which decides________. The ______ is an important component of generating the physiologic responses
the central nucleus of the amygdala what responses are required and relays information appropriately hypothalamus
51
In the individual with damage to the amygdala, fear is
not perceived, therefore conditioning related to fear does not occur
52
Neuroanatomical basis for Sadness - anatomical substrate
lower sector of the anterior cingulate cortex | strongly activated when recalling sad events
53
Neuroanatomical basis for Avoidance - anatomical substrate
lateral posterior hypothalamus dorsal midbrain entorhinal cortex
54
Although we don;t understand the system particularly well, the punishment/avoidace system is designed to oppose the occurrence of behavior. Describe long term and short term
in the long term, behavior usually has negative consequences, but the short term may be neutral or positive
55
Neuroanatomical basis for disgust - anatomical substrate
insular cortex/putame processing and recognition of social cues related to disgust damage (including huntington's disease) abolishes
56
Neuroanatomical basis for Anger/rage
amygdala | requires dopaminergicc input acting at D2 receptors
57
inhibition of anger/rage requires
neocortex ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei septal nuclei
58
Pleasure
VTA, NA - dopamine. positive feedback system to encourage behavior
59
Anger
involves amygdala and dopaminergic D2 receptor activation
60
Fear
inputs from thalamus and cortex come into lateral n of amygdala, pressed and sent to basal and intercalated n. , outflow from amygdala via central n. to various places for physiologic consequence
61
Disgust
putamen and insular cortex is strongly involved (loss of ability to recognize in Huntingtons dz)
62
Sadness
lower pole of anterior cingulate cortex
63
Integrating the inputs Step 1 - the anterior cingulate Cx | functionally divided into 2 regions
``` Ventral= affective dorsal = cognitive ```
64
Integrating the inputs Step 1 - the anterior cingulate Cx | Role in emotion
integration of visceral, attentional and emotional input Regulation of AFFECT - particularly top-down control (controlling our emotions) Monitors or detects conflict between our function al state (right now) and new information that has potential or motivational consequences. It does;t decide what to do, but relays the information to…. the prefrontal cx
65
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | Two divisions
ventromedial | dorsolateral
66
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | ventromedial division
receives input from | amygdala, hippocampus, temporal visual association area, dorsolateral prefrontal cx (the other division)
67
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | ventromedial division
receives input from | amygdala, hippocampus, temporal visual association area, dorsolateral prefrontal cx (the other division)
68
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | dorsolateral division
receives input from motor areas, including basal ganglia, pre and supplementary motor cortex cingulate cortex, especially parts related to performance monitoring several cortical association areas
69
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | division we are interested in?
Ventromedial division
70
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | Three roles
Reward processing integration of bodily signals top down regulation
71
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | reward processing
(orbitofrontal) - with the amygdala, we link new stimulus to a primary reward
72
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | integration of bodily signals
(ventromedial prefrontal) - the "gut feeling" decision when logical analysis is unable to help
73
Integrating the inputs Step 2 - the prefrontal cx | top down regulation
especially towards delayed gratification
74
Role of anterior cingulate cx - summary
ventral region integration of all sensory and emotional processing controlling emotional display conflict detection - what new information has the power to change how i;m feeling
75
Role of prefrontal cortex - summary
ventromedial subdivision reward processing gut-feeling delayed gratification

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