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neurosciences Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the phineas gage case

A

railway worker with iron pole through frontal lobe –> change in his personality

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2
Q

what is perservation

A

frequent behaviour of patient with organic brain involvement
conscious act/ idea continuation

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3
Q

which primary afferent axon is associated with touch

A

A beta

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4
Q

which primary afferent axon is associated with proprioception

A

A alpha

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5
Q

which primary afferent axon is associated with pain temp

A

A delta

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6
Q

What which primary afferent axon is associated with pain temp touch

A

C

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7
Q

which ones are myelinated

A

A alpbha beta delta

C unmyelinated

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8
Q

which ones are involved in slow dull pain and sharp pain

A

sharp pain A delta
Slow dull C

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9
Q

what structural changes are seen with schizophrenia

A

enlargement of 3/4th ventricle
reduction in brain volume and gray matter vol
reduced asymmetry in planum temporale

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10
Q

what functional changes are seen with schizophrenia

A

diminished activation of frontal region during cognitive tasks
increased temporal region activation

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11
Q

where is serataonin made

A

in CNS
in the raphe nuclei in brain
also GI tract -endochromaffin cells

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12
Q

how is seratonin made

A

L trytophan to seratonin

step 1. hydrolation to 5 hydoxytrphyane by trytophan hydroxlase

step 2 : decarboxylation of 5 hydroxhy to seratonin by L aromatic acid decarboxylase

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13
Q

how do cocane, TCA, MDMA work

A

block the SERT monamine transportetr so seratonin is not taken up by synapse

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14
Q

what category are seratonin

A

G protein except 5HT3 -ligand gated

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15
Q

which receptor is associated with enhanced sexual behaviours

A

5HT1
inhibit seratonin so doapmine can act freely

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16
Q

what is 5HT2 involved in

A

arousal
inhibit doapmine release and nepheramine

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17
Q

what is 5HT3 associated with

A

nausea anxiety

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18
Q

5HT7

A

circadian rhythm

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19
Q

what are thefour stages of sleep

A

N1
N2
N3
REM

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20
Q

which phase of sleep is associated with theta waves

A

N2
10-25 mins light sleep
reduce in bod temp
slow HR/RR

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21
Q

which phase of sleep is a deep sleep

A

N3
delta waves
20-40 mins
this is where sleep walking, bed wetting, terrors take placee
decrease in time through the night

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22
Q

what occurs in rem sleep

A

15% of slee p time
around 1 hour
vivide drreams
decrease with age
eye movement
miscle tone loss

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23
Q

SAH are mostly caused by what
RF

A

85% berry aneurysms
PCKD, ehler danols syndrome, coarctation of aorta

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24
Q

management of SAH

A

60mg nimepidine
neurosurgry input STAT

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24
mx of subdural
burr hole
25
how is a SAH diagnosed
LP 12 hour later xanthachromatia CT scan
26
syringomyelia assocated with
arnold chiara malformation
27
what is the forebrain related to
prosencephalon - diacephalon and telecephalon
28
what doesthe diacephalon go onto form
the thalamus, eye cup, hypothalamus
29
what does the telecephalon form
cerebrum
30
what is the midbrain
MESENCEPHALON and then the midbrain
31
what is the hindbrain
rhombocephalon split into metencephalon and meyelencephalon
32
what does the metecephalon form
pons and cerebellum part off 4th ventricle
33
what does the meyelencephalon form
medulla oblongata inferior4th ventricle
34
what are the three caterogories of white matter
projection tracts higher centre to lower commisuural tract opposite 2 hempsiere association tract -same hemisphere
35
he corticospinal tract
he corticospinal tract is a motor pathway that carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is responsible for the voluntary movements of the limbs and trunk.
36
The corticonuclear tract
The corticonuclear tract or corticolbublar provides voluntary control over the muscles of the face, head and neck. This is in contrast to the corticospinal tract which controls the movement of the torso and limbs.
37
he lateral corticospinal tract (LCST)
he lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) is the largest descending motor pathway in the human body, it spans the entire length of the spinal cord, eventually supplying motor signals to all the skeletal muscles of our upper and lower limbs.
38
deficiency in narcolepsy
hypocretin (also known as orexin), wh
39
what produces CRH and ACTH cortisol
hypothalamus pituary gland adrenal glands
40
dexamethasone suppression test
Dexamethasone is a synthetic steroid similar to cortisol, which suppresses ACTH secretion in normal people. Therefore, giving dexamethasone should reduce ACTH levels, resulting in decreased cortisol levels. People with pituitary glands which produce too much ACTH will have an abnormal response to the low-dose test, but a normal response to the high dose.
41
hebbian theory
increase in synapetic effciacy in presence of repeated simultaneous firing
42
what is papet circuit
emotional circuit which involved the connection between the hypothalamus and the limbic lobe includes Hippocampal formation (subiculum) → fornix → mammillary bodies → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nucleus → cingulum → entorhinal cortex → hippocampal formation.[4]
43
Papp lontos
MS atrophy
44
picks body seen in
FTD
45
hirano and verocay
alzheimers schawanomma
46
zebra and mallory bodies
zebra tay sachs dx PBBC WILSON - alcohol malary bodies
47
hakim traid seen in what
The classic triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus (Hakim's triad) is: Gait instability Urinary incontinence Dementia
48
non-communicating hydrocephalus
Non-communicating hydrocephalus usually results from obstruction to the flow of CSF in the third or fourth ventricle. It presents with signs of raised intracranial pressure: Headache Vomiting Hypertension Bradycardia Altered consciousness Papilledema
49
what is communicating hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a chronic type of communicating hydrocephalus (an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain). It is thought to be due to the impaired re-absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi.
50
which wave is associated with 1-4hz which part of brain
delta frontaladutls posterior in children
51
when are delta waves seen
slow waves in sleep stage III deep sleep
52
what frequency are theta waves
4-8 Hz stage 1 sleep generalised drowsy sleepy
53
which part of braina nd what frequency are alpha waves where are they seen
8-12 hz posterior eyes closed but awake in meditation resting associared with learning and cooedinarion
54
sigma waves
12-14 hz single sleep stage 2 front
55
beta waves
when busy or concentrating 12-30hz
56
gamma waves
30-100hz when awake, alert, concious busy
57
What is seen on EEG in CJD
biphasic sharp
58
huntington eeg
low eeg flattened
59
what activity is seen in schziorphrenia
dompergenic increased in straitum reduced in frontal lobe with negative symptoms
60
what is associared with anti NMDAR
psychosis involuntary movement seizure
61
what is seen with anti GAD
stiff person sydrome cerebral ataxia
62
whats seen with glyr
monoclonus rigidity encephalitis
63
CASPR
insomnia morvon syndrome autonomic dysfunction
64
L (dominant side)
RL disorientation finger agnosia constructional apraxia dysgraphia dyscalculaius numbers apraxia
65
R non dominant side
visualspatial deficit neglect anosgonosia dressing apraxia spatial awareness dysgraphia
66
what makes up the bulk of the diacephalon
80% thalamus
67
function of the thalamus
relaying point and processing centre excluding olfactory
68
what is the hypothalamus involved in
homeostasis hormonal/endocrine function several nuclei
69
what else is in the diacephalon
pineal gland mamillory body
70
function of the pineal gland
to produce melatonin
71
# ** function of mamillory body
memory issues seen anterograde amnesia also affected in korskoff and wernicke with alcohoics
72
what does dysmetria reveal
issues with distance i.e. finger nose test
73
what makes up the cerebellum
vernix -locomotor and posture peduncles - 3 pairs (middle, superior, inferior) folia on surface of cerebellum to increase SA abor vitae - tree of life (white matter)
74
what does the telecephalon form
the cerebrum
75
what is the function of the frontal lobe
primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) voluntary movement
76
what makes up the brainstem
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
77
what makes up the straitum
caudate nucleus putamen nucleus accumbens
78
what is the function of the hippocampus
memoru early storage and formation of longterm memory
79
parital lobe function
primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) language acquistation
80
what does the insula do
processing hearing cerebrum into lateral sulcus
81
function of basal ganglia
motor and premotor cortical area -voluntary movement eye movement susbtance abuse pleasant affect reward seeking
82
what is the substantia nigra split into
par compacta -doapmine par reticulate input signals from BG to others
83
what is the mesolimbic pathway
transports dopamine from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus. The nucleus accumbens is found in the ventral medial portion of the striatum and is believed to play a role in reward, desire, and the placebo effect position effect
84
what is the mesocortical apthway
surface of the brain / prefrontal cortex to VTA negative symptoms
85
what is the nigrostraital pathway
caudate ncuelus to the substantia nigra movement
86
what is the tulerindulibular pathway
pituary gland to medulla oblongata dopamine release (from acurate nucleus in hypothalamus) to the ituary gland for regulars prolactin secretion
87
domaint pareital
gerstatman syndrome alexia anomia impaired reading or writing
88
non domaint parital
spatiaul disnotientation dressing apraxia propsagnosia contralateral side neglect
89
temporal lobe functions
dominant associated with wnerike memory difficutions visual agonesia non domianntion -visual memory defects e.g. faces, names imapired sounds recongition e.g. music emotional regulation cutes
90
dominant frontal associated with
broca aphasia expressive executive function motor apraxia hemoparesis
91
what is left angular gyrus associated withb
gerstmann syndrome RL orientation alexia dyscalcula
91
non dominant frontal is associated with
hemiparesis dishinhibition
92
alzeihmer heterozygous and homozygous risk
homo 10-30x heteroxygous 3x
93
tremor and hz
Parkinson 5z Physiological 10hz Intentional 2-3hz Essential 7hz
94
lentiform nucleus
putamen globus pallidum

LS MRPSYCH (17 decks)

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