Flashcards in Neurotransmitters Deck (106)
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1
___ deaths attributed to OD on synthetic opiods (fentynal) other than methadone
19k
2
What are the symptoms of dependence/withdrawal from cannabinoids?
Irritability
Stomach cramping
Chills
Cold sweats
3
Opiod peptides
Neuropeptides
Metabotropic receptors
DEATHS
- 2010 16k
- 2015 53k
- 2016 64k
4
Parkinson's
Loss of neurons in substantia nigra
5
Where do you find cannabinoid receptors?
Widespread throughout brain
Motor system - depresses
Feeding
Pain
Limbic system - mood, emotion
hippocampus - memory
6
neurokinin A
metabotropic receptor - NK2
7
Septal nuclei
Sends axons to cortex and hippocampus
8
Where do you find norepinephrine in the brain
locus coeruleus - brainstem (CNS)
PNS - sympathetics
9
Subtantia nigra
Use dopamine
Project to cornate nucleus and potamin - MOTOR control
Parkinsons
10
Acetylcholine receptors
Nicotinic - ionotropic
Muscarinic - metabotropic (m1-5)
11
Is there abuse potential for cannabinoids?
yes
12
% of US use cannabinoids for non medical use
10%
13
glutamate is an amino acid and is ____
The principle excitatory NT in the CNS
14
locus coeruleus
In brainstem
Projects to limbic system, cortex, spinal cord
15
Cannabinoid receptors
CB1, CB2
Metabotropic
6 protein coupled
Inhibit voltage gated Ca channels and transmitter release
16
How can cannabinoids be used to tx hyperalgesia
Receptors located on PERIPHERAL nerves
Local administration at side of injury/inflammation can decrease hyperalgesia
17
Aspartate is an amino acid that acts as a ______ neurotransmitter
excitatory
18
norepinephrine receptors
metabotropic - alpha, beta
19
Chronic pain can be caused by the loss of neurons that contain which amino acid?
GABA
20
Glutamate (excitatory) has what kind of receptors?
ionotropic
metabotropic
21
GABA has what kind of receptors?
ionotropic
metabotropic
22
Do cannabinoids have reinforcing properties?
yes
23
Function of norepinephrine
Mood - depression
panic
responses to stress
24
Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind...
AMPA
Kainate
NMDA
25
Where do you find serotonin in the brain
raphe nuclei - all over brainstem
26
Which effects of cannabinoids can you develop a tolerance to?
Pain inhibition
Tachycardia
Motor effects
27
ATP has what kind of receptors
Ionotripic
metabotropic
28
Ionotropic ATP receptors
P2X
7 subtypes
Excitatory OR inhibitory
29
What is the total economic burden of prescription opioid abuse in the US per year?
$78.5 billion
30
metabotropic ATP receptors
P2Y
2 subtypes
Excitatory OR inhibitory
31
Biogenic amines
All dervied from AAs
Dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
histamine
32
nitric oxide
gas NT
Arginine derived
Manufactured ON DEMAND
Lipid soluble - passes through cell membranes do no need for receptors
33
Function of serotonin
Mood - happy feeling, depression
Feeding behavior
sleep
arousal
modulate pain
34
Where do you find opiod peptides?
Widespread in brain and peripheral tissues
Limbic system
Motor
Pain
35
Name the catecholamines
dopamine
norepinephrine
36
What is the function of neurokinins? (substance P, NKA, NKB)
Anxiety
Pain transmission - chronic pain
Inflammation
Hypersensitivity
37
What are the functions of opiod peptides? (endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin)
Mood, emotion
pain control
motor control
memory
feeding behavior - constipation
38
How did the opiod crisis start
Late 90s
Pharm companies told Drs that pts would not become addicted
Lead to increase of prescriptions and then addiction
39
Metabotropic glutamate receptors bind...
quisqualate
40
Effect of THC on motor system
Catalepsy - trance/seizure with loss of sensation and conciousness
Ataxia - impaired balance
Immobility
41
neurokinin B
metabotropic receptor - NK3
42
Where do you find neurokinins?
Widespread in brain
NK1+2 in SC
Limbic system
Peripheral nerves
43
Neurohypophyseal hormones
made in hypothalamus - exported to blood
vasopressin
oxytocin
44
Name the 3 kinds of opiod peptides
endorphin
enkephalin
dynorphin
45
Where can dopamine be found in the brain
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmental area
46
____ people misused prescription opiods
11.4 million
47
Function of histamine in the brain
Arousal
energy metabolism
48
antidepressants ______ norepinephrine
increase
49
Amino acids
Found all over brain and SC
50
Vasopressin
neuropypophyseal hormone
Anti diuretic - decreases water secretions by kidneys
hypothalamus projects into SC - modulates pain
51
GABA is an amino acid that is a ____ neurotransmitter
inhibitory
52
parasympathetic ach receptor localization
decrease HR
53
% people use cannabinoids few times/year
22%
54
Function nitric oxide
interact/activate enzymes
activate second messengers - vasodilation
55
Function of ATP as a NT
promot glial-neuron interactions
Especially during inflammation
56
Medical use of CB1 antagonists
Used to treat obesity by decreasing appetite
57
effect of THC on autonomic function
Hypothermia
Arterial blood pressure
nausea/vomiting
58
____ death attributed to OD heroin
15,000
59
Nucleus basalis
Sends axons to cortex
In basal forebrain
60
Every day, more than ____ people in the US die from opiod overdose
130
61
Neurokinins
Neuropeptides
Metabotropic receptors (G protein coupled, slow transmission)
62
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
Breaks down anandamide (endogenous ligand for cannabinoids = endocannabinoid)
BLOCK FAAH = increase anandamide = reduced pain
63
cognitive/emotional effect of THC
short term memory impairment
euphoria/relaxation
anxiety/stress
altered perception
64
Marinol (dronabinol)
Medical use of cannabinoids
9-THC
Reduce anxiety
reduce inflammation + pain
Control nausea/vomiting from chemo
Kill cancer cells + slow tumor growth
Relax tight muslces - multiple sclerosis
Stimulate appetite/improve weight gain in people with cancer and AIDS
65
glycine is an amino acid and acts as a ____ neurotransmitter
inhibitory
66
Localization of acetylcholine
Periphery - at neuromuscular junction
67
Name the 3 neurokinins
substance P
Nerokinin A
Neurokinin B
68
History of cannabinoids
Used for 4000 years
China
Pain
Malaria
Recreation
69
Alzheimer's
Loss of neurons in nucleus basalis
70
neuroendocrine systems effects of THC
adrenal stimulation
Blocks:
- prolactin
- gonadotropins
- growth hormone
- TSH
71
What are the endogenous ligands of cannabinoids?
Anandamide (AEA) - 1988
2-AB - 1992
72
Functional/behavioral effects of cannabinoids
Stimulate appetite
Decrease pain
Impaired memory
Tachycardia (fast HR) - autonomic NS
Hypothermia
Cognitive: euphora, panic, paranoia
73
Where do you find histamine
hypothalamus
immune cells
periphery - receptors located on nerve fibers which give sensation to ITCH
74
Dopamine receptors
metabotropic (D1-5)
75
Histamine receptors
metabotropic - H1-3
76
enkephalin
opiod peptide
metabotropic receptor - delta
77
Sympathetic ach receptor localization
Increase HR
78
Increasing the levels of endocannabinoids has what effect
decrease pain
79
Raphe nuclei
Use serotonin
project to hippocampus and SC
80
Endorphin
Opiod peptide
Metabotropic receptor - mu
81
schizophrenia
Anti psychotic drugs block dopamine receptors in ventral tegmental area
82
Cannabinoid
Chemical derived from cannibis plant
Have psychoactive effect from THC
9-THC = tetrahydrocannabinol (1964)
83
What are the medical uses of cannabinoids?
Marinol (dronabinol)
CB1 antagonists
84
Oxytocin
Neurohypophyseal hormones
Child brith, milk production
Hypothalamus projects into SC and modulates pain
85
ventral tegmental area
Use dopamine
Limbic system - emotions, mood, reward
Schizo
86
Where is ATP used as a NT
all over brain
87
Substance P
neurokinin
Metabotropic receptor - NK1
Substance P(ain)
88
Cannabinoid analgesia
= inhibition of pain
Inhibit activity of pain signaling neurons
75% decrease in response
Can be blocked by CB receptor antagonists
89
Ionotropic GABA receptors bind...
GABA-a
Alcohol, Benzodiazepine, barbiturates - inhibit receptor
90
Cannabinoids and nociceptors
Nociceptors = pain receptors
Cannabinoids decrease their activity
91
serotonin receptors
metabotropic - 6 subtypes
ionotripic - 1 subtype
92
dynorphin
opiod peptide
metabotropic receptor - kappa
Inhibit voltage gated Ca channels
93
% people have tried cannabinoids once
>50%
94
What are the cannabinoid receptor antagonists?
Synthetic agonists/antagonists
Specific for either receptor CB1 or CB2
95
The abuse and addiction to opiods is a serious national crisis that affects...
public health
social and economic welfare
96
Miniature end plate potentials
Small depolarizing events in a muscle at rest caused by the spontaneous release of acetylcholine from a single vesicle
97
antihyperalgesia + cannabinoids
Hyperalgesia = increased sensitivity to pain
Caused by: inflammation, nerve injury (neuropathic pain), burns, cancer pain
Low doses can be effective in blocking hyperalgesia
98
metabotripic GABA receptors bind
GABA-b
Related to epilepsy
99
____ people died from overdosing on opiods
42,249
100
ATP is a non classical neurotransmitter because
it is not stored in vesicles
101
Name the 8 classifications of NTs
1. acetylcholine
2. amino acids
3. purines
4. biogenic amines
5. hormones
6. neuropeptides
7. gases
8. cannabinoids
102
Sarin gas
Blocks acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
Die of asphyxiation
103
Localization of acetylcholine receptors
PNS: Neuromuscular junction (nicotinic)
CNS:
- Nucleus Basalis - memory
- Septal nuclei to hippocampus to limbic system - emotion/mood
104
Nucleus Basalis
Location of acetylcholine receptors in brain
Controls memory
Loss of these neurons = Alzheimers
105
Septal Nuceli
In brain
Location of acetylcholine receptors
Sends axons to HIPPOCAMPUS then to LIMBIC SYSTEM
Emotion/mood
106
