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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

___ deaths attributed to OD on synthetic opiods (fentynal) other than methadone

A

19k

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of dependence/withdrawal from cannabinoids?

A

Irritability
Stomach cramping
Chills
Cold sweats

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3
Q

Opiod peptides

A 
Neuropeptides
Metabotropic receptors
DEATHS
- 2010 16k
- 2015 53k
- 2016 64k
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4
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Loss of neurons in substantia nigra

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5
Q

Where do you find cannabinoid receptors?

A 
Widespread throughout brain
Motor system - depresses
Feeding
Pain
Limbic system - mood, emotion
hippocampus - memory
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6
Q

neurokinin A

A

metabotropic receptor - NK2

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7
Q

Septal nuclei

A

Sends axons to cortex and hippocampus

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8
Q

Where do you find norepinephrine in the brain

A

locus coeruleus - brainstem (CNS)

PNS - sympathetics

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9
Q

Subtantia nigra

A

Use dopamine
Project to cornate nucleus and potamin - MOTOR control
Parkinsons

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10
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

Nicotinic - ionotropic

Muscarinic - metabotropic (m1-5)

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11
Q

Is there abuse potential for cannabinoids?

A

yes

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12
Q

% of US use cannabinoids for non medical use

A

10%

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13
Q

glutamate is an amino acid and is ____

A

The principle excitatory NT in the CNS

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14
Q

locus coeruleus

A

In brainstem

Projects to limbic system, cortex, spinal cord

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15
Q

Cannabinoid receptors

A

CB1, CB2
Metabotropic
6 protein coupled
Inhibit voltage gated Ca channels and transmitter release

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16
Q

How can cannabinoids be used to tx hyperalgesia

A

Receptors located on PERIPHERAL nerves

Local administration at side of injury/inflammation can decrease hyperalgesia

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17
Q

Aspartate is an amino acid that acts as a ______ neurotransmitter

A

excitatory

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18
Q

norepinephrine receptors

A

metabotropic - alpha, beta

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19
Q

Chronic pain can be caused by the loss of neurons that contain which amino acid?

A

GABA

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20
Q

Glutamate (excitatory) has what kind of receptors?

A

ionotropic

metabotropic

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21
Q

GABA has what kind of receptors?

A

ionotropic

metabotropic

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22
Q

Do cannabinoids have reinforcing properties?

A

yes

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23
Q

Function of norepinephrine

A

Mood - depression
panic
responses to stress

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24
Q

Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind…

A

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA

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25
Q

Where do you find serotonin in the brain

A

raphe nuclei - all over brainstem

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26
Q

Which effects of cannabinoids can you develop a tolerance to?

A

Pain inhibition
Tachycardia
Motor effects

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27
Q

ATP has what kind of receptors

A

Ionotripic

metabotropic

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28
Q

Ionotropic ATP receptors

A

P2X
7 subtypes
Excitatory OR inhibitory

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29
Q

What is the total economic burden of prescription opioid abuse in the US per year?

A

$78.5 billion

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30
Q

metabotropic ATP receptors

A

P2Y
2 subtypes
Excitatory OR inhibitory

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31
Q

Biogenic amines

A 
All dervied from AAs
Dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
histamine
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32
Q

nitric oxide

A

gas NT
Arginine derived
Manufactured ON DEMAND
Lipid soluble - passes through cell membranes do no need for receptors

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33
Q

Function of serotonin

A 
Mood - happy feeling, depression
Feeding behavior
sleep
arousal
modulate pain
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34
Q

Where do you find opiod peptides?

A

Widespread in brain and peripheral tissues
Limbic system
Motor
Pain

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35
Q

Name the catecholamines

A

dopamine

norepinephrine

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36
Q

What is the function of neurokinins? (substance P, NKA, NKB)

A

Anxiety
Pain transmission - chronic pain
Inflammation
Hypersensitivity

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37
Q

What are the functions of opiod peptides? (endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin)

A 
Mood, emotion
pain control
motor control
memory
feeding behavior - constipation
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38
Q

How did the opiod crisis start

A

Late 90s
Pharm companies told Drs that pts would not become addicted
Lead to increase of prescriptions and then addiction

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39
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptors bind…

A

quisqualate

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40
Q

Effect of THC on motor system

A

Catalepsy - trance/seizure with loss of sensation and conciousness
Ataxia - impaired balance
Immobility

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41
Q

neurokinin B

A

metabotropic receptor - NK3

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42
Q

Where do you find neurokinins?

A

Widespread in brain
NK1+2 in SC
Limbic system
Peripheral nerves

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43
Q

Neurohypophyseal hormones

A

made in hypothalamus - exported to blood
vasopressin
oxytocin

44
Q

Name the 3 kinds of opiod peptides

A

endorphin
enkephalin
dynorphin

45
Q

Where can dopamine be found in the brain

A

Substantia nigra

Ventral tegmental area

46
Q

____ people misused prescription opiods

A

11.4 million

47
Q

Function of histamine in the brain

A

Arousal

energy metabolism

48
Q

antidepressants ______ norepinephrine

A

increase

49
Q

Amino acids

A

Found all over brain and SC

50
Q

Vasopressin

A

neuropypophyseal hormone
Anti diuretic - decreases water secretions by kidneys
hypothalamus projects into SC - modulates pain

51
Q

GABA is an amino acid that is a ____ neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory

52
Q

parasympathetic ach receptor localization

A

decrease HR

53
Q

% people use cannabinoids few times/year

A

22%

54
Q

Function nitric oxide

A

interact/activate enzymes

activate second messengers - vasodilation

55
Q

Function of ATP as a NT

A

promot glial-neuron interactions

Especially during inflammation

56
Q

Medical use of CB1 antagonists

A

Used to treat obesity by decreasing appetite

57
Q

effect of THC on autonomic function

A

Hypothermia
Arterial blood pressure
nausea/vomiting

58
Q

____ death attributed to OD heroin

A

15,000

59
Q

Nucleus basalis

A

Sends axons to cortex

In basal forebrain

60
Q

Every day, more than ____ people in the US die from opiod overdose

A

130

61
Q

Neurokinins

A 
Neuropeptides
Metabotropic receptors (G protein coupled, slow transmission)
62
Q

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)

A

Breaks down anandamide (endogenous ligand for cannabinoids = endocannabinoid)
BLOCK FAAH = increase anandamide = reduced pain

63
Q

cognitive/emotional effect of THC

A

short term memory impairment
euphoria/relaxation
anxiety/stress
altered perception

64
Q

Marinol (dronabinol)

A 
Medical use of cannabinoids
9-THC
Reduce anxiety
reduce inflammation + pain
Control nausea/vomiting from chemo
Kill cancer cells + slow tumor growth
Relax tight muslces - multiple sclerosis
Stimulate appetite/improve weight gain in people with cancer and AIDS
65
Q

glycine is an amino acid and acts as a ____ neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory

66
Q

Localization of acetylcholine

A

Periphery - at neuromuscular junction

67
Q

Name the 3 neurokinins

A

substance P
Nerokinin A
Neurokinin B

68
Q

History of cannabinoids

A 
Used for 4000 years
China
Pain
Malaria
Recreation
69
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Loss of neurons in nucleus basalis

70
Q

neuroendocrine systems effects of THC

A 
adrenal stimulation
Blocks:
- prolactin
- gonadotropins
- growth hormone
- TSH
71
Q

What are the endogenous ligands of cannabinoids?

A

Anandamide (AEA) - 1988

2-AB - 1992

72
Q

Functional/behavioral effects of cannabinoids

A 
Stimulate appetite
Decrease pain
Impaired memory
Tachycardia (fast HR) - autonomic NS
Hypothermia
Cognitive: euphora, panic, paranoia
73
Q

Where do you find histamine

A

hypothalamus
immune cells
periphery - receptors located on nerve fibers which give sensation to ITCH

74
Q

Dopamine receptors

A

metabotropic (D1-5)

75
Q

Histamine receptors

A

metabotropic - H1-3

76
Q

enkephalin

A

opiod peptide

metabotropic receptor - delta

77
Q

Sympathetic ach receptor localization

A

Increase HR

78
Q

Increasing the levels of endocannabinoids has what effect

A

decrease pain

79
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

Use serotonin

project to hippocampus and SC

80
Q

Endorphin

A

Opiod peptide

Metabotropic receptor - mu

81
Q

schizophrenia

A

Anti psychotic drugs block dopamine receptors in ventral tegmental area

82
Q

Cannabinoid

A

Chemical derived from cannibis plant
Have psychoactive effect from THC
9-THC = tetrahydrocannabinol (1964)

83
Q

What are the medical uses of cannabinoids?

A

Marinol (dronabinol)

CB1 antagonists

84
Q

Oxytocin

A

Neurohypophyseal hormones
Child brith, milk production
Hypothalamus projects into SC and modulates pain

85
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

Use dopamine
Limbic system - emotions, mood, reward
Schizo

86
Q

Where is ATP used as a NT

A

all over brain

87
Q

Substance P

A

neurokinin
Metabotropic receptor - NK1

Substance P(ain)

88
Q

Cannabinoid analgesia

A

= inhibition of pain
Inhibit activity of pain signaling neurons
75% decrease in response
Can be blocked by CB receptor antagonists

89
Q

Ionotropic GABA receptors bind…

A

GABA-a

Alcohol, Benzodiazepine, barbiturates - inhibit receptor

90
Q

Cannabinoids and nociceptors

A

Nociceptors = pain receptors

Cannabinoids decrease their activity

91
Q

serotonin receptors

A

metabotropic - 6 subtypes

ionotripic - 1 subtype

92
Q

dynorphin

A

opiod peptide
metabotropic receptor - kappa
Inhibit voltage gated Ca channels

93
Q

% people have tried cannabinoids once

A

> 50%

94
Q

What are the cannabinoid receptor antagonists?

A

Synthetic agonists/antagonists

Specific for either receptor CB1 or CB2

95
Q

The abuse and addiction to opiods is a serious national crisis that affects…

A

public health

social and economic welfare

96
Q

Miniature end plate potentials

A

Small depolarizing events in a muscle at rest caused by the spontaneous release of acetylcholine from a single vesicle

97
Q

antihyperalgesia + cannabinoids

A

Hyperalgesia = increased sensitivity to pain
Caused by: inflammation, nerve injury (neuropathic pain), burns, cancer pain

Low doses can be effective in blocking hyperalgesia

98
Q

metabotripic GABA receptors bind

A

GABA-b

Related to epilepsy

99
Q

____ people died from overdosing on opiods

A

42,249

100
Q

ATP is a non classical neurotransmitter because

A

it is not stored in vesicles

101
Q

Name the 8 classifications of NTs

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. amino acids
  3. purines
  4. biogenic amines
  5. hormones
  6. neuropeptides
  7. gases
  8. cannabinoids
102
Q

Sarin gas

A

Blocks acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Die of asphyxiation

103
Q

Localization of acetylcholine receptors

A

PNS: Neuromuscular junction (nicotinic)
CNS:
- Nucleus Basalis - memory
- Septal nuclei to hippocampus to limbic system - emotion/mood

104
Q

Nucleus Basalis

A

Location of acetylcholine receptors in brain
Controls memory
Loss of these neurons = Alzheimers

105
Q

Septal Nuceli

A

In brain
Location of acetylcholine receptors
Sends axons to HIPPOCAMPUS then to LIMBIC SYSTEM
Emotion/mood

106
Q

Function of norepinephrine

A 
Mood (limbic)
Vasoconstriction (sympathetic)
Motor control (cerebellum)
Pain modulation (SC)

Neuroscience Exam 1 (4 decks)

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