Neurotransmitters: deck 1 (Unit 3)

Question 1

What are the three classes of neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

Amino Acids
Monoamines
Acetylcholine

Question 2

What are the four main amino acid neurotransmitters?

Answer 2

Glutamate
Aspartate
GABA
Glycine

Question 3

What are the four monoamines?

Answer 3

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin

Question 4

What type of neurotransmitter is Glutamate?

Answer 4

Amino Acid

Question 5

What type of neurotransmitter is Aspartate?

Answer 5

Amino Acid

Question 6

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?

Answer 6

Amino Acid

Question 7

What type of neurotransmitter is Glycine?

Answer 7

Amino Acid

Question 8

What type of neurotransmitter is Dopamine?

Answer 8

Monoamines

Question 9

What type of neurotransmitter is Epinephrine?

Answer 9

Monoamines

Question 10

What type of neurotransmitter is Norepinephrine?

Answer 10

Monoamines

Question 11

What type of neurotransmitter is Serotonin?

Answer 11

Monoamines

Question 12

What three neurotransmitters are Catecholamines?

Answer 12

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Question 13

What neurotransmitter is an indolamine?

Answer 13

Serotonin

Question 14

What neurotransmitters are synthesized from Tyrosine?

Answer 14

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
(all catecholamines)

Question 15

What is Catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 15

The synthesis of Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine from Tyrosine

Question 16

What is the order of Catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 16

Tyrosine -> L-dopa -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine

Question 17

What is the precursor molecule to Epinephrine, Norepinenphorine, and Dopamine?

Answer 17

Tyrosine

Question 18

What is Tyrosine?

Answer 18

The precursor molecule to Dopamine, L-dopa, Norepinephorine, and Epinephorine.

Question 19

What neurotransmitter is synthesized by Tryptophan?

Answer 19

Serotonin

Question 20

What is Serotonin synthesis?

Answer 20

The synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan

Question 21

What is the order of Serotonin synthesis?

Answer 21

Tryptophan -> 5-HT -> Serotonin

Question 22

What is 5-HTP?

Answer 22

The precursor molecule to serotonin

Question 23

What is the precursor molecule to serotonin?

Answer 23

Tryptophan, and 5-HTP

Question 24

What is Tryptophan?

Answer 24

the precursor molecule to Serotonin

Question 25

What neurotransmitter has its own classification because it is acetylated?

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

What is Acetylcholine's primary function?

Answer 26

playing a role in muscle contraction

Question 27

What are the two main unconventional gaseous neurotransmitters?

Answer 27

Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 28

What small nonpolar molecules traverse the cell membrane of a neuron?

Answer 28

Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 29

What is the role of NO and CO molecules?

Answer 29

they move from neurons to other cells and stimulate the production of second messenger molecules

Question 30

What neurotransmitters stimulate the production of second messenger molecules?

Answer 30

Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 31

Nitric oxide and Carbon monoxide are short-lived molecules. True or False

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What neurotransmitter molecules are involved in Retrograde transmission?

Answer 32

Nitric oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and endocannabinoids

Question 33

What is an Endocannabinoid?

Answer 33

an unconventional class of neurotransmitter

Question 34

What is a neuropeptide?

Answer 34

large unconventional neurotransmitters, that are polypeptide chains that are sometimes protein, each carrying a specific function depending on its amino acid sequence

Question 35

How are neuropeptides categorized?

Answer 35

primarily by their location in the body

Question 36

What are the five main neuropeptides?

Answer 36

Pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, and miscellaneous

Question 37

Where are pituitary neuropeptides located?

Answer 37

pituitary gland

Question 38

Where are hypothalamus neuropeptides located?

Answer 38

hypothalamus

Question 39

Where are brain-gut neuropeptides located?

Answer 39

gut

Question 40

Where are opioid neuropeptides located?

Answer 40

resemble opium

Question 41

What response occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to its active site?

Answer 41

either cause excitation or inhibition

Question 42

What does excitation result in for the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 42

(propagates a signal) depolarization of the neuron

Question 43

What does inhibition result in for the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 43

(halts a signal) hyperpolarization of the neuron

Question 44

What must occur for the propagation of a signal in a postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 44

excitation/depolarization

Question 45

What must occur for the halt of a signal in a postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 45

inhibition/ hyperpolarization

Question 46

What signal does Glutamate typically produce?

Answer 46

excitatory/ depolarization

Question 47

What signal does Glycine typically produce?

Answer 47

Inhibition/ hyperpolarization

Question 48

What signal does GABA typically produce?

Answer 48

Inhibition/ hyperpolarization

Question 49

What signal does Acetylcholine typically produce?

Answer 49

either excitatory or inhibitory

Question 50

When is Acetylcholine excitatory?

Answer 50

at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles

Question 51

When is Acetylcholine inhibitory?

Answer 51

at the neuromuscular junction of cardiac muscles

Question 52

What is direct action?

Answer 52

when neurotransmitter binding causes receptors to open up so that ions can pass through

Question 53

When a neurotransmitter binding causes receptors to open up so that ions can pass through it is called

Answer 53

direct action

Question 54

Which type of action directly affects membrane potential, propagating a specific effect? direct action Indirect action

Answer 54

direct action

Question 55

What neurotransmitters tend to exhibit direct action behavior?

Answer 55

Acetylcholine and Amino Acids: (Glutamate Aspartate GABA Glycine)

Question 56

What is indirect action?

Answer 56

when action is promoted through second messenger molecules like G-protein

Question 57

When action is promoted through second messenger molecules like G-protein it is called

Answer 57

indirect action

Question 58

Which type of action operates similarly to hormones? direct action indirect action

Answer 58

indirect action

Question 59

Which type of action is mediated by metabotropic receptors? direct action indirect action

Answer 59

indirect action

Question 60

What neurotransmitters tend to exhibit indirect action behavior?

Answer 60

monoamines: (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Serotonin) neuropeptides Small gas molecules: (NO, CO)

Question 61

What are neuromodulators?

Answer 61

neurotransmitters that exhibit indirect action behavior