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Neuro3400 > Neurotransmitters: deck 1 (Unit 3) > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters: deck 1 (Unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classes of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino Acids
Monoamines
Acetylcholine

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2
Q

What are the four main amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate
Aspartate
GABA
Glycine

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3
Q

What are the four monoamines?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin

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4
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Glutamate?

A

Amino Acid

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5
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Aspartate?

A

Amino Acid

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6
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

Amino Acid

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7
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Glycine?

A

Amino Acid

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8
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Dopamine?

A

Monoamines

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9
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Epinephrine?

A

Monoamines

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10
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Norepinephrine?

A

Monoamines

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11
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is Serotonin?

A

Monoamines

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12
Q

What three neurotransmitters are Catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is an indolamine?

A

Serotonin

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14
Q

What neurotransmitters are synthesized from Tyrosine?

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
(all catecholamines)

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15
Q

What is Catecholamine synthesis?

A

The synthesis of Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine from Tyrosine

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16
Q

What is the order of Catecholamine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine -> L-dopa -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine

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17
Q

What is the precursor molecule to Epinephrine, Norepinenphorine, and Dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

What is Tyrosine?

A

The precursor molecule to Dopamine, L-dopa, Norepinephorine, and Epinephorine.

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter is synthesized by Tryptophan?

A

Serotonin

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20
Q

What is Serotonin synthesis?

A

The synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan

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21
Q

What is the order of Serotonin synthesis?

A

Tryptophan -> 5-HT -> Serotonin

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22
Q

What is 5-HTP?

A

The precursor molecule to serotonin

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23
Q

What is the precursor molecule to serotonin?

A

Tryptophan, and 5-HTP

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24
Q

What is Tryptophan?

A

the precursor molecule to Serotonin

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25
Q

What neurotransmitter has its own classification because it is acetylated?

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

What is Acetylcholine’s primary function?

A

playing a role in muscle contraction

27
Q

What are the two main unconventional gaseous neurotransmitters?

A

Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

28
Q

What small nonpolar molecules traverse the cell membrane of a neuron?

A

Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

29
Q

What is the role of NO and CO molecules?

A

they move from neurons to other cells and stimulate the production of second messenger molecules

30
Q

What neurotransmitters stimulate the production of second messenger molecules?

A

Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

31
Q

Nitric oxide and Carbon monoxide are short-lived molecules.

True or False

A

True

32
Q

What neurotransmitter molecules are involved in Retrograde transmission?

A

Nitric oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and endocannabinoids

33
Q

What is an Endocannabinoid?

A

an unconventional class of neurotransmitter

34
Q

What is a neuropeptide?

A

large unconventional neurotransmitters, that are polypeptide chains that are sometimes protein, each carrying a specific function depending on its amino acid sequence

35
Q

How are neuropeptides categorized?

A

primarily by their location in the body

36
Q

What are the five main neuropeptides?

A

Pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, and miscellaneous

37
Q

Where are pituitary neuropeptides located?

A

pituitary gland

38
Q

Where are hypothalamus neuropeptides located?

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

Where are brain-gut neuropeptides located?

A

gut

40
Q

Where are opioid neuropeptides located?

A

resemble opium

41
Q

What response occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to its active site?

A

either cause excitation or inhibition

42
Q

What does excitation result in for the postsynaptic neuron?

A

(propagates a signal) depolarization of the neuron

43
Q

What does inhibition result in for the postsynaptic neuron?

A

(halts a signal) hyperpolarization of the neuron

44
Q

What must occur for the propagation of a signal in a postsynaptic neuron?

A

excitation/depolarization

45
Q

What must occur for the halt of a signal in a postsynaptic neuron?

A

inhibition/ hyperpolarization

46
Q

What signal does Glutamate typically produce?

A

excitatory/ depolarization

47
Q

What signal does Glycine typically produce?

A

Inhibition/ hyperpolarization

48
Q

What signal does GABA typically produce?

A

Inhibition/ hyperpolarization

49
Q

What signal does Acetylcholine typically produce?

A

either excitatory or inhibitory

50
Q

When is Acetylcholine excitatory?

A

at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles

51
Q

When is Acetylcholine inhibitory?

A

at the neuromuscular junction of cardiac muscles

52
Q

What is direct action?

A

when neurotransmitter binding causes receptors to open up so that ions can pass through

53
Q

When a neurotransmitter binding causes receptors to open up so that ions can pass through it is called

A

direct action

54
Q

Which type of action directly affects membrane potential, propagating a specific effect?

direct action
Indirect action

A

direct action

55
Q

What neurotransmitters tend to exhibit direct action behavior?

A

Acetylcholine and Amino Acids:
(Glutamate
Aspartate
GABA
Glycine)

56
Q

What is indirect action?

A

when action is promoted through second messenger molecules like G-protein

57
Q

When action is promoted through second messenger molecules like G-protein it is called

A

indirect action

58
Q

Which type of action operates similarly to hormones?

direct action
indirect action

A

indirect action

59
Q

Which type of action is mediated by metabotropic receptors?

direct action
indirect action

A

indirect action

60
Q

What neurotransmitters tend to exhibit indirect action behavior?

A

monoamines: (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Serotonin)
neuropeptides
Small gas molecules: (NO, CO)

61
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

neurotransmitters that exhibit indirect action behavior

Neuro3400 (36 decks)

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