TA Final Review Slides: Unit 5

Question 1

Which of the following is not a special sense?

A. Gustation
B. Vision
C. Hearing
D. Tactile (touch)
E. Olfaction
F. Equilibrium

Answer 1

D. Tactile (touch)

Question 2

Which of the following are where proprioceptors are located? (Answer with multiple letters)

A. Cardiac muscles
B. Skeletal muscles
C. Tendons
D. Visceral Organs
E. Joint

Answer 2

B. Skeletal muscles
C. Tendons
E. Joint

Question 3

Which part of the tongue would contain receptors that could detect salty and sour tastants?

A. Tip of the tongue
B. Back of the tongue
C. Sides of the tongue

Answer 3

C. Sides of the tongue

Question 4

Which part of the tongue would contain receptors that could detect sweatness tastants?

A. Tip of the tongue
B. Back of the tongue
C. Sides of the tongue

Answer 4

A. Tip of the tongue

Question 5

Which part of the tongue would contain receptors that could detect bitterness tastants?

A. Tip of the tongue
B. Back of the tongue
C. Sides of the tongue

Answer 5

B. Back of the tongue

Question 6

True or False: Papillae are taste buds.

A. True
B. False

Answer 6

B. False
Taste buds are the taste receptor cells, basal cells, and taste pores

Question 7

Which of the following are NOT true neurons?

A. Gustatory afferent axons
B. Taste receptor cells
C. Olfactory receptor cells
D. Hair cells
E. Spinal ganglion cells
F. Photoreceptors
G. All of these are true neurons

Answer 7

B. Taste receptor cells
D. Hair cells

Question 8

Are Gustatory afferent axons true neurons?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Are Taste receptor cells true neurons?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Are Olfactory receptor cells true neurons?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Are hair cells true neurons?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Are Spiral ganglion cells true neurons?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Are Photoreceptors true neurons?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

Which tastant(s) transduce taste via GPCRs?

A. Salty
B. Sour
C. Bitter
D. Sweet
E. Umami
F. None of these choices

Answer 14

C. Bitter
D. Sweet
E. Umami

Question 15

Umami uses ______ GPCR genes.

A. T1R1+T1R3
B. T1R1+T1R2
C. T1R2+T1R3
D. T2Rs

Answer 15

A. T1R1+T1R3

Question 16

Besides the use of GPCRs, which of the following provides additional differing factors between sour/salty transduction and bitter/sweet/umami transduction?

I. The presence of intracellular CA2+ stores bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

II. Voltage-gated NA+ channels in sour and salty taste cells

III. ATP is released from bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

IV. ATP is released from sour and salty taste cells

V. Serotonin is released from bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

VI. Serotonin is released from sour and salty taste cells.

Answer 16

I. The presence of intracellular CA2+ stores bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

II. Voltage-gated NA+ channels in sour and salty taste cells

III. ATP is released from bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

VI. Serotonin is released from sour and salty taste cells.

Question 17

Someone with impairment to their central taste pathway would likely have damage to which cranial nerve?

A. CN VII
B. CN V
C. CN X
D. CN IX
E. All of the above
F. A, B and C
G. A, C and D

Answer 17

G. A, C and D

CN VII: Facial nerve
CN X: Vagus
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

Question 18

The 3 cranial nerves in the central taste pathway first synapse with _____in the____.

A. Ventral Posterior medial (VPM) nucleus; medulla oblongata

B. VPM; nucleus of the thalamus

C. Gustatory nucleus; medulla oblongata

D. Gustatory nucleus; nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 18

C. Gustatory nucleus; medulla oblongata

Question 19

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

Answer 19

Parietal lobe

Question 20

Where is the primary Olfactory cortex located?

Answer 20

Temporal lobe

Question 21

Where is the secondary olfactory cortex located?

Answer 21

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 22

Where is the primary vision cortex located?

Answer 22

Occipital lobe

Question 23

Where is the primary hearing cortex located?

Answer 23

Temporal lobe

Question 24

Where is the primary equilibrium cortex located?

Answer 24

Parietal lobe

Question 25

What is the FINAL factor in the mechanisms of olfactory transduction that leads to membrane depolarization and subsequent firing of action potentials? A. cAMP causing an influx of Ca2+ and Na+ B. Additional influx of Ca2+ causing an efflux of Cl- C. Odor activating the olfactory G-proteins (Golf) of the olfactory cell, directly causing influx of Na+ via binding of its alpha subunit to an Na+ channel D. Production of cAMP stimulated by binding of an odor to Golf, since it will bind to Cl- channels and cause Cl- efflux

Answer 25

B. Additional influx of Ca2+ causing an efflux of Cl-

Question 26

Which of the special senses does not always have a thalamic relay? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Gustation D. Olfaction E. Equilibrium

Answer 26

D. Olfaction

Question 27

What are the two targets that the olfactory bulb sends projections to, and which involves the thalamic relay? (two choices are correct) A. Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe; involves thalamic relay B. Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe; direct link, bypasses the thalamus C. Orbitofrontal cortex; involves thalamic relay D. Orbital cortex; direct link, bypasses the thalamus

Answer 27

B. Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe; direct link, bypasses the thalamus C. Orbitofrontal cortex; involves thalamic relay

Question 28

Similar to Gustation, there are also relays in the olfaction that include the_____ and/ or the ____ that function to provide additional neural circuits between olfaction and things such as hedonic value, memory and so on. A. Limbic system; hypothalamus B. Limbic system; medulla C. Hypothalamus; medulla D. Hypothalamus; VPM nucleus of thalamus

Answer 28

A. Limbic system; hypothalamus

Question 29

Light first stimulates which layer of the retina? (information flow NOT light pathway) A. Outer plexiform layer B. Layer of photoreceptor outer segments C. Ganglion layer cell D. Pigmented epithelium

Answer 29

B. Layer of photoreceptor outer segments

Question 30

___ cells of the retina form____connections and have modulatory functions. (more than one is true) A. Amacrine cells; lateral B. Amacrine cells; vertical C. Bipolar cells; lateral D. Bipolar cells; vertical E. Horizontal cells; lateral F. Horizontal cells; vertical

Answer 30

A. Amacrine cells; lateral E. Horizontal cells; lateral

Question 31

The central fovea of the retina is composed of _____. A. Both rods and cones B. No rods or cones C. Only rods D. Only cones

Answer 31

D. Only cones

Question 32

Rhodopsin, a light-activated GPCR in rods, is activated once it is hit by photons. It converts theses photons into chemical signals, leading to isomerization of retinal from its ____ confirmation to its____confirmation. A. Trans; cis B. Cis; trans

Answer 32

B. Cis; trans

Question 33

In the dark, the disk membrane of rods is ____ and glutamate___ released, ____ bipolar neurons. A. Hyperpolarized; is not; inhibiting B. Depolarozed; is; exciting C. Depolarized; is; inhibiting D. Depolarized; is not; inhibiting

Answer 33

C. Depolarized; is; inhibiting

Question 34

Once the axons of the optic nerve (CN III) cross the optic chiasm, they're referred to as_____. A. Still optic nerves... B. Retinal fibers C. The optic tract

Answer 34

C. The optic tract

Question 35

Pupil constriction is a response mediated by the _____nervous system and is mediated by cranial nerve_______. A. Parasympathetic; CN II (oculomotor) B. Parasympathetic; CN II (optic) C. Sympathetic; CN III (oculomotor) D. Sympathetic; CN II (Optic)

Answer 35

A. Parasympathetic; CN II (oculomotor)

Question 36

Which of the following are ways in which perilymph and endolymph differ? I. endolymph is the fluid in the scala media (and thus surrounds the inner and outer hair cells) II. Endolymph has a higher K+ concentration, so cells are depolarized by K+ influx rather than Na+ III. Perilymph is the fluid the scala vestibule and scala tympani IV. Perilymph fluid pulsates when the oval window vibrates, and is responsible for the transmitting those sound wave vibrations to the endolymph (which then transmits them to the hair cells.

Answer 36

All the above

Question 37

What are the auditory receptor cells called and where are they located? A. Stapes, middle ear in the spiral ganglion B. Hair cells; outer ear in the organ of corti C. Stereocilia;inner ear in the spiral ganglion D. Stereocilia; outer ear in the organ of corti E. Hair cells; inner ear in the organ of corti

Answer 37

E. Hair cells; inner ear in the organ of corti

Question 38

At the base (i.e0 the side closest to the stapes) of the organ of corti, _____ frequencies are "captured" by the hair cells, whereas the apec of organ of corti,____frequencies are transmitted. A. Lower, higher B. Higher, lower

Answer 38

B. Higher, lower

Question 39

Which of the following are correct statements? A. There is high Na+ in the endolymph B. The tympanic membrane is the boundary between the middle and inner ear C. Both auditory and vesitbular hair cells are considered neurons D. only one side of the brain receives input from the ear on the same side E. The outer bony labrynth contains the perilymph and is in the outer ear

Answer 39

B. The tympanic membrane is the boundary between the middle and inner ear

Question 40

Which auditory pathway is correct? A. Sound wave, auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal) B. Cohclear hair cells, cochlear nerve. medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex C. Clohclear hair cells, cochlear nucleus, auditory nerve, superior olivary complex, auditory cortex (temporal) D. Sound waves, hair cells, spiral ganglion, auditory nerve, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal)

Answer 40

D. Sound waves, hair cells, spiral ganglion, auditory nerve, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal)

Question 41

____ can occur when otolith stones flow into another semicircular canal and push up against the capula. A. Severe ear pains B. Hearing loss C. Vertigo D. Impaired eye movement

Answer 41

C. Vertigo

Question 42

The _____ controls head-neck movements. A. Medial geniculate nucleus B. Medial vestibular nucleus C. Lateral vestibular nucleus D. Lateral thalamic nucleus

Answer 42

B. Medial vestibular nucleus