NON Metalliferous Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Geologic materials used for a wide spectrum of purposes beyond the two interest of economic geology
A
Industrial Minerals
2
Q
Two main interest of economic geology
A
- Fuel
- Metals
3
Q
Describe as:
> widespread
> Enormous Reserves
> Accessible
A
Geologically
4
Q
Describes as:
> development needs less investment
> cheaper to obtain
A
Economically
5
Q
Describes as:
> needs less processing
> needs less energy
> less damages on the environment
A
Technologically
6
Q
Examples are: food preservative, drilling mud, manufacturing of toothpaste, teflon, steel, plastics, cement, oil well drilling, abrasive
A
Industrial or Manufacturing
7
Q
Examples are: stone, gravel, sand, granite, limestone, gypsum, (plaster, wall boards etc.)
A
Construction materials
8
Q
Examples are: source of fertilizers: nitrate, rock phosphate, potassium compounds
A
Agriculture
9
Q
Examples are: glasswares, cosmetic powder, cleaning materials, decorative materials
A
Household Items
10
Q
In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the operating mines and quarries for Metallic Mines?
A
48 Metallic Mines
11
Q
In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Gold?
A
8 Gold Mines
12
Q
In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Copper?
A
3 Copper Mines
13
Q
In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Nickel?
A
30 Nickel Mines
14
Q
In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Chromite?
A
3 Chromite Mines
15
Q
In the 48 Metallic Mines how many mines are for Iron?
A
4 Iron Mines
16
Q
In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the operating mines and quarries for Non-Metallic Mines?
A
61 Non-metallic Mines
17
Q
In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for limestone/shale?
A
35 limestone/shale quarries
18
Q
In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for silica?
A
5 silica quarries
19
Q
In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for aggregates?
A
15 aggregates quarries
20
Q
In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for dolomite?
A
1 dolomite quarries
21
Q
In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for clay?
A
3 clay quarries
22
Q
In the 61 Non-Metallic Mines how many quarries are for sand and gravel?
A
2 sand and gravel quarries
23
Q
In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the processing plants?
A
5 processing plants
24
Q
In the 5 processing plants how many are for gold?
A
2 Gold Processing plants
25
In the 5 processing plants how many are for nickel?
2 Nickel Processing plants
26
In the 5 processing plant how many are for copper?
1 Copper Smelter Plant
27
In the Philippine Mining Industry how many are the small quarries and sand gravel operations covered b permits issued by LGU's
3,389 small quarries
28
Increase in the Pace of Industrialization + growing environment concerns = _____________________
Increase in demand for industrial and manufacturing materials
29
mineral use for fire proofing, insulation, brake linings and cement
Asbestos
30
now considered non-commercial due to its carcinogenic property
Asbestos
31
Naturally occurring mineral substance can be pulled into a fluffy consistency
Asbestos
32
Properties of Asbestos
1. Fibers are soft and flexible
2. Resistant to heat, electricity and chemical corrosion
33
Uses of Asbestos
1. An effective insulator
2. Can be mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastics and other materials to make them stronger
34
Asbestos is _____________ a single type of mineral - rather it refers to a group of silicate minerals that share the same fibrous nature
Not
35
Example of Asbestos:
1. Serpentine: Chrysotile (white, Curly)
2. Amphibole: Grunerite-cummingtonite/ Amosite (Brown Asbestos)
3. Amphibole: Riebeckite/ Crocidolite (Blue asbestos)
4. Amphibole: Tremolite
5. Amphibole: Actinolite
6. Amphibole: Anthophyllite
36
Asbestos is most commonly found in: _______________
1. Serpentinites
2. Altered ultramafic rocks
3. Some mafic rocks
37
Asbestos other rock types are: ________________
1. metamorphosed dolostones
2. metamorphosed iron formations
3. carbonatites
4. alkalic Intrusions
38
Factor Contributing to Asbestos Formation
Faulting and Fracturing of these rocks with increased temperatures, pressures and the presence of water
39
Places where Asbestos are deposited in PH (Areas are associated with Ophiolite of Geological Significance)
1. Bangui and Burgos, Ilocos Norte
2. Aguilar and Mangatarem, Pangasinan
3. Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe and San Marcelino, Zambales
4. Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro
5. Antique
6. Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon
40
Classification of local Asbestos
1. Shingles
2. Paper
3. Plaster
4. Refuse Grades
41
Market requirement of Asbestos used to depend mainly on _______________
Fiber Length
42
In Electrical Insulation of Asbestos, the iron content should not exceed ___________
3.5%
43
Mineral that is heavy spar, inert, heavy and a stable mineral
Barite
44
Mineral that is white, opaque and twinned
Barite
45
Several Forms Barite is produced and sold
1. Jig Concentrate
2. Crude Lumps
3. Ground Barite
4. Flotation Concentrate
46
Derived from vein or seam deposits and principally a product of hand sorting
Lump Ore
47
The bulk of barite produced and sold is in the form of either ____________ or ___________________
1. Jig Concentrate
2. Flotation Concentrate
48
In oil well industry barite prepared should be ___________
Ground to -325 mesh
49
In the production of barium compounds barite prepared should be _________________
sold as jig concentrate
50
In the glass industry barite prepared should be ____________
prepared to -20 mesh and freed from iron using magnetic separators
51
Barite as inert filter in the manufacture of oilcloth, linoleum, paper and plastic should be prepared in _____________
ground to -325 mesh
52
Barite as pigment or extenders in paints should be prepared in ______________________
bleached with acid treatment to remove iron stain
53
Philippine production of barite started in ______________
January 1973
54
Philippine production of barite ceased in ___________
1991
55
Barite Deposits in the Philippines
1. Mabilog na bundok, Lobo, Batangas (Associated with gold and silver mineralization)
2. Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro (Occurs as a vein along the strikes of sedimentary host rocks)
56
Barite occurs as ____________ in Metallic Sulfide Veins
Gangue
57
Barite occurs as __________________ in Andesite
Metasomatic Deposit
58
Clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the smectite group
Bentonite
59
Bentonite is a clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the ____________ group
Smectite
60
Properties of Bentonite
1. Large chemically active surface area
2. Interlamellar surfaces with unusual hydration characteristics
3. Ability to modify the flow behavior of liquids
61
Uses of Bentonite
1. Foundry molding sands
2. Drilling mud
3. Bentonite slurries for sealing porous strata and stoppage of water movement in foundations for building, tunnels and dams
4. bleaching oils and fats
5. Carriers for insecticides and pesticides
6. Component of paints, pharmaceuticals, medicines and cosmetics
7. Locally used as additives, grouting, binders in foundry sand and as filler in animal feeds
62
Commercial Bentonite deposits are formed by ____________________________ deposited over relatively large areas
alteration of fine-grained volcanic debris
63
Other Bentonite deposits are formed by ____________________________ of coarse-grained intrusive rocks
In-situ Hydrothermal Alteration
64
Types of Bentonite
1. Swelling Type
2. Non-swelling Type
65
all gel-forming, “Wyoming” or western type, and true bentonite or sodium bentonite
Swelling Type
66
bentonite that expands 15 to 20 times of the original volume of dry material in water
Swelling Type
67
bentonite that contain sodium as predominant exchangeable ion
Swelling Type
68
bentonite that rarely occurring and associated with kaolin of hydrothermal origin
Swelling Type
69
bentonite that probably formed by the action of thermal springs and vapors of volcanic exhalations
Swelling Type
70
includes the Mississippi or southern type, potassium and calcium bentonite, metabentonite, some absorbent clay or bleaching clay, some naturally active clay or fuller's earth, some activable clay (raw)
and activated clay (treated)
Non - Swelling Type
71
has negligible swelling
Non - Swelling Type
72
carries calcium as its principal exchangeable ion
Non - Swelling Type
73
Bentonites in the Philippines are generally ___________
Non - Swelling Type
74
name derived from the first major use of the material, which was for cleaning textiles
Fuller's Earth
75
either a non-plastic or a claylike material, usually high in magnesia that has adequate decolorizing and purifying properties
Fuller's Earth
76
Fuller's Earth is composed mostly of the distinct needle- or lath-shaped clay mineral, the _____________ . This material crumbles when laid in water
Attapulgite
77
also defined as naturally active clay of the
non-swelling type of bentonite
Fuller's Earth
78
formed by alteration of fine-grained
volcanic debris deposited over relatively large areas or by in-situ hydrothermal alteration of coarse-grained intrusive rocks
Bentonite Deposits
79
Bentonite Deposits in the Philippines
1. Mangatarem, Pangasinan
2. Cagayan
3. Palayan City, Nueva Ecija (Swelling)
4. Mabini and Calatagan, Batangas
5. Tagkawayan, Quezon
6. Legaspi City, Albay
7. Cebu
8. Palompon, Leyte
9. Lanang, Davao City
80
an earthy substance
Clay
81
hydrous aluminum silicates + colloidal material + specks of rock fragments
Clay
82
plastic when wet, stone-like when fired
Clay
83
Records of ancient brick buildings, monuments and pottery making showed that it is one of the most widespread and earliest mineral substances utilized by person
Clay
84
who developed the art of pottery to a high degree of perfection, probably taught the natives the art.
Chinese
85
During Spanish times when there were no available natural building stone like limestone or volcanic tuff {adobe}, the ____________ made bricks and tiles out of ordinary clays to build churches.
Spanish priests
86
Except for shale clay, which goes into the manufacture of Portland cement, various clays in the Philippines are generally
quarried _________________________
intermittently and on small scale.
87
Types of Clay
1. Residual
2. Transported
88
in situ clays formed by weathering due to
chemical and hydrothermal process
Residual Clay
89
not far from parent rock, non-plastic, white (e.g kaolin)
Residual Clay
90
formed by accumulation of clayey
materials in sites such as swamps and basins
Transported Clay
91
far from parent material, plastic, grey, darker, smaller particles (e.g ball clay, fire clay)
Transported Clay
92
most are formed from the chemical weathering of feldspar-rich rocks
Residual Clays
93
many other residual deposits are formed near volcanoes from the _______________ by hot sulfuric water from solfataras or
fumaroles
alteration of basalt or andesite
94
the biggest reserves of siliceous clay in the islands were formed by the residual alteration of chloritic schists in ____________________
Siruma, Camarines Sur
95
Kinds of Clay
1. Feldspathic Clay
2. Fire Clay
3. Kaolinitic Clay
4. Siliceous Clay
96
Residual Clay in the PH Occurs in
1. Cagayan
2. Ilocos Norte
3. Abra
4. Benguet
5. Nueva Ecija
6. Pangasinan
7. Zambales
8. Bulacan
9. Rizal
10. Laguna
11. Batangas
12. Quezon
13. Camarines Norte
14. Camarines Sur
15. Sorsogon
16. Albay
17. Marinduque
18. Romblon
19. Negros Occidental
20. Iloilo
21. Panay
22. Antique
23. Surigao del Sur
24. Misamis Oriental
25. Bukidnon
26. Zamboanga del Sur
27. Zamboanga City
97
consist of sedimentary beds associated with peat or lignite, alluvial and floodplain clays
Transported Clay
98
clay beds underlying peat or lignite
Fire Clays
99
Clay deposited in swamps and basins, usually fired to shades of gray or brown
Fire Clays
100
Clay found in Uneng, Semirara Island
Fire Clays
101
buff or red burning clays used in making
earthenware, pots, toys, bricks and tiles.
Alluvial and Floodplain Clays
102
Clays that occur along the banks of mature rivers at their lowest reaches, under rice paddies and other flat areas in flood and coastal plains
Alluvial and Floodplain Clays
103
Clay that are usually brown or gray due to high iron oxide content and the presence of some organic matter.
Alluvial and Floodplain Clays
104
diatomaceous earth or siliceous shells or skeletons of single-celled organism called diatoms
Diatomite
105
composed essentially of hydrated amorphous or opalline silica with varying amounts of contaminant materials such as silica sand, clays, salts and organic matter.
Diatomite
106
Uses of Diatomite
1. filtration agent
2. soft abrasives
5. industrial fillers
4. lightweight aggregates
107
Diatomite deposits occur as ____________, a few centimeters to several meters thick, intercalated with sedimentary and pyroclastic host rocks
low-dipping beds
108
In the Diatomite Deposit, dilution by host rock materials of ________________ content usually necessitates some beneficiation before they could be used commercially.
low silica and high iron
109
Diatomite Deposits in PH
1. Pantabangan and Caranglan, Nueva Ecija
2. Basud, Camarines Norte
5. Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte
4. Quezon, Bukidnon.
110
Local diatomite production from
_____________________ period posted
37,056 MT
pre-1980 to 2002
111
Local diatomite production from
pre-1980 to 2002 period posted
________________
37,056 MT
112
The deposit in ___________________ is the only deposit put into commercial production.
Basud, Camarines Norte
113
most common rock-forming mineral on earth
Feldspar
114
general term for the group of rock-forming
minerals that are essentially anhydrous aluminium silicates
Feldspar
115
promotes fusion during firing and imparts strength, toughness and durability in the finished products
Feldspar
116
Uses of Feldspar
1. production of glass, fired clay products, and enamel paints
2. flux in ceramic mixture in the making of vitreous china and in porcelain enamels
3. mild abrasives and scouring soaps {due to its angular fracture and moderate hardness)
117
Most of the feldspar utilized by the local ______________ is either imported or blended with those locally quarried from small pegmatite and aplite dikes.
ceramic and glass plants
118
Feldspar Deposit in PH
1. locos Norte
2. Nueva Ecija
3. Occidental Mindoro
4. Lanao del Norte
119
hydrous calcium sulphate that contains ~20% water
Gypsum
120
Uses of Gypsum
1. cement retarder (Cement retarders control the time when a slurry will set hard)
2. fabrication of fireproof gypsum board
3. soil conditioner
121
found in volcanic and/or sedimentary sequences that have been affected by hydrothermal activity
Gypsum
122
occur either as fissures and breccia fillings, veinlets, stockworks, irregular lenses, coatings or incrustations
Gypsum
123
commonly associated with anhydrite and in the more intensely altered volcanic rocks, with pyrite and some copper sulfides.
Gypsum
124
Varieties of Gypsum
1. Alabaster
2. Satin Spar
3. Selenite
125
Massive Gypsum
Alabaster
126
Fibrous Gypsum
Satin Spar
127
Crystalline Gypsum
Selenite
128
Production of natural gypsum started way back ________ but practically ceased in 1992.
1960
129
Production of natural gypsum started way back 1960 but practically ceased in _______
1992
130
Gypsum Deposits in PH
1. Batangas
2. Albay
3. Camarines Sur
4. Negros Oriental
5. Cebu
6. Marinduque
7. Cagayan
8. Nueva Vizcaya
9. Occidental Mindoro
