Notes + Study Questions of Reproductive System

Question 1

The male structures of reproduction include:

Answer 1

1.) Testes
2.) Ducts
3.) Accessory Sex Glands
4.) Supporting Structures

Question 2

The ducts included in the male reproductive system include:

Answer 2

• Ductus Epididymis
• Ductus Vans Deferens
• Ejaculatory Ducts
• Urethra

Question 3

Accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system include:

Answer 3

• Seminal Vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral Galnds

Question 4

What is the supporting structure in the male reproductive system?

Answer 4

Penis

Question 5

Where is sperm created?

Answer 5

Seminiferous Tubules

Question 6

What are the function of gonads?

Answer 6

produce gametes and secrete hormones

Question 7

What are the function of ducts?

Answer 7

transport, receive, and store gametes

Question 8

What are the function of accessory sex glands?

Answer 8

materials that support gametes

Question 9

What structure of the male scrotum helps with the survival of sperm?

Answer 9

dartos + cremaster muscles

Question 10

What makes up the spermatic cord?

Answer 10

• vas deferens
• testicular artery
• veins and lymphatics
• autonomic nerves

Question 11

What pass through the inguinal canal?

Answer 11

spermatic cord + ilioinguinal nerve

Question 12

When do the testes begin their descent during development?

Answer 12

during later half of 7th month of fetal development

Question 13

What is the immune response in the testis?

Answer 13

blood-testis-barrier

Question 14

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

Answer 14

sperm production

Question 15

What is the function of Leydig cells?

Answer 15

produce testosterone

Question 16

What is the role of FSH in males? LH?

Answer 16

• FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to inc. rate of spermatogenesis
• LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

Question 17

What is the life expectancy for sperm once ejaculated

Answer 17

48 hrs

Question 18

What is the route of sperm from origin to outside?

Answer 18

• seminiferous tubules
• rete testis
• efferent ducts
• ductus epididymis
• vas deferens
• ejaculatory duct
• urethra

Question 19

What hormone stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of FSH and LH?

Answer 19

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 20

What are the 3 portions of the male urethra?

Answer 20

• prostatic
• membranous
• spongy (cavernous)

Question 21

What male accessory sex gland whose function is to secrete mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid AND is inferior to the prostate?

Answer 21

Bulbourethral glands

Question 22

What male accessory sex gland secrete an alkaline fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting patterns and is responsible for 60% of total volume?

Answer 22

seminal vesicles

Question 23

What male accessory sex gland secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid, acid phosphatase and several proteolytic enzymes AND is responsible for 25% of ejaculate volume?

Answer 23

prostate gland

Question 24

What number of sperm in ejaculate usually indicates infertility?

Answer 24

<20 million/mL

Question 25

Which tissue masses form the erectile tissue in the penis, and why do they become rigid during sexual arousal?

Answer 25

- sacral parasympathetic fibers - nitric oxide is released from parasympathetic neurons

Question 26

Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

Answer 26

1) diploid stem cells > mitosis > primary spermatocytes 2) meiosis I: primary spermatocytes > secondary spermatocytes 3) meiosis II: haploid spermatids 4) spermiogenesis: maturation of spermatids into sperm

Question 27

The female structure of the reproductive system include:

Answer 27

- ovaries - Fallopian tubes - uterus - vagina - vulva - mammary glands

Question 28

What is the epithelium that covers surface of an ovary?

Answer 28

germinal epithelium

Question 29

What are the main anchors for ovaries?

Answer 29

- suspentory ligaments - ovarian ligament

Question 30

oogenesis includes what steps

Answer 30

1) reduction division (meiosis I) 2) equatorial division (meiosis II) 3) maturation

Question 31

What is the sequence of follicular cells changes

Answer 31

1) primordial 2) primary 3) secondary 4) Graffian follicles (mature) 5) corpus luteum and corpus albicans

Question 32

Where is the site of fertilization

Answer 32

Fallopian tubes

Question 33

What are the 3 layers of Fallopian tubes?

Answer 33

1) internal mucosa 2) middle muscularis 3) outer serosa

Question 34

What are the labor anatomical subdivisions of the uterus?

Answer 34

1) fundus 2) body 3) isthmus 4) cervix

Question 35

Interior of body of uterus is also called the

Answer 35

uterine cavity

Question 36

What is the major support that holds uterus in place?

Answer 36

broad ligament

Question 37

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Answer 37

1) prometrium 2) myometrium 3) endometrium

Question 38

The endometrium is divided into how many layers? What are their names?

Answer 38

2 layers: stratum functionalis & stratum basalis

Question 39

What layer of the endometrium is shed during mensruation?

Answer 39

stratum functionalis

Question 40

The vulva is composed of:

Answer 40

- mons pubis - clitoris - labia majora and minora - vestibule - vaginal orifice - urethral orifice - hymen - paraurethral (Skene's) gland - greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland - lesser vestibular gland

Question 41

What are the milk-secreting cells called?

Answer 41

alveoli

Question 42

What are the 2 cycles related to the female reproductive cycles?

Answer 42

ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

Question 43

Describe the process of oogenesis in the ovaries.

Answer 43

1) meiosis I 2) meiosis II 3) maturation

Question 44

What hormones regulate the synthesis and ejection of milk?

Answer 44

synthesis: prolactin ejection: oxytocin

Question 45

What is the role of FSH in females? LH?

Answer 45

FSH: initial development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen LH: stimulates further development of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Question 46

When does oogenesis begin?

Answer 46

before birth during early fetal development

Question 47

pregnancy hormone

Answer 47

hCG

Question 48

When is the window of fertilization?

Answer 48

2 days before ovulation - 1 day after ovulation

Question 49

male pronucleus + female pronucleus =

Answer 49

zygote

Question 50

What are the 4 phases of the uterine cycles and in a 28-day cycle, on what days do these phases occur?

Answer 50

1) Menstrual phase (Day 1-5) 2) Proliferative phase (Day 6-13) 3) Ovulation (Day 14) 4) Luteal phase (Day 15-28)

Question 51

What is the cause of ovulation?

Answer 51

surge of LH

Question 52

The release of what 2 hormones produce a feeling of relaxation?

Answer 52

oxytocin and prolactin

Question 53

What are the 2 general phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 53

1) follicular phase 2) luteal phase

Question 54

What are the 2 general phases of the uterine cycles?

Answer 54

1) proliferative phase 2) secretory phase

Question 55

Correlate the events of each phase of the uterine cycle with the events of the ovarian cycle.

Answer 55

1) menstrual phase - corpus luteum shed; bleeding - small 2 degree follicles in each ovary begin to develop 2) proliferative phase - endometrial repair occurs - development of follicles (results in mature follicle) 3) ovulation - rupture of mature follicle w/ release of "egg" - GnRH promotes release of LH + FSH 4) luteal phase - depending on whether there is fertilization or not (preparing for another menses or pregnancy) - if NO fertilization: corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans - vesicle follicle collapses to become corpus hemorrhagicum