Notes + Study Questions of Fluid & Electrolytes

Question 1

2/3 of body fluid is

Answer 1

intracellular fluid

Question 2

1/3 of body fluid is

Answer 2

extracellular fluid

Question 3

what are some examples of interstitial fluid

Answer 3

lymph, CSF, GI fluids, synovial fluid

Question 4

what membrane separates the intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid

Answer 4

plasma membranes

Question 5

what membrane separates the interstitial fluid and blood plasma

Answer 5

blood vessel walls

Question 6

what are the ways that fluids move between cells and what is the main way

Answer 6

filtration
reabsorption
diffusion
osmosis (main way)

Question 7

what are the normal ways of fluid intake

Answer 7

ingestion of liquids and moist foods and metabolic synthesis of water during cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis

Question 8

what are the normal ways of fluid output

Answer 8

kidneys, exhalation from lungs, evaporation from skin, feces

Question 9

metabolic water volume depends on

Answer 9

level of aerobic cellular respiration

Question 10

what is the main way to regulate body water balance

Answer 10

adjusting volume of water intake

Question 11

what is dehydration

Answer 11

water loss is greater than water gain

Question 12

what are the 4 hormones that regulate urine production

Answer 12

ADH, ANP, angiotensin II, aldosterone

Question 13

what is water intoxication

Answer 13

water consumption is greater than the amount of kidney excretion

Question 14

what are the 4 general functions of electrolytes

Answer 14

1) control osmosis of water
2) maintain acid-base balance
3) electrical current
4) cofactors of enzymes

Question 15

what is the most abundant extracellular ion

Answer 15

Na+

Question 16

what is sodium involved in

Answer 16

impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and fluid + electrolyte balance

Question 17

the blood level of sodium is controlled by what 3 hormones

Answer 17

aldosterone, ADH, ANP

Question 18

what is edema

Answer 18

excess sodium

Question 19

what is the most extracellular anion

Answer 19

chloride

Question 20

chloride is involved in what functions

Answer 20

regulation osmotic pressure, formingHCl in the stomach

Question 21

what hormone regulates chloride

Answer 21

aldosterone

Question 22

what is the most abundant cation in ICF

Answer 22

potassium

Question 23

what functions is potassium involved in

Answer 23

maintaining fluid volume, impulse conduction, muscle contraction and regulating pH

Question 24

what controls the level of potassium

Answer 24

mineralcorticoids, mainly aldosterone

Question 25

what is prominent ion in plasma

Answer 25

bicarbonate

Question 26

what is the function of bicarbonate

Answer 26

electrolyte balance

Question 27

what is the most abundant ion in the body

Answer 27

calcium

Question 28

what is the function of calcium

Answer 28

structural component of bones and teeth, participates in blood coagulation, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, excitability of nervous + muscle tissue

Question 29

what 2 hormones control the level of calcium

Answer 29

PTH and calcitonin

Question 30

what controls level of phosphate

Answer 30

PTH and calcitriol

Question 31

what is a primary intracellular cation

Answer 31

magnesium

Question 32

what is magnesium involved in

Answer 32

activates several enzyme systems involved in metabolism of carbs + proteins, operation of sodium pump, neuromuscular activities, neural transmission within CNS, myocardial function

Question 33

what regulates magnesium concentration

Answer 33

hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia/hypermagnesemia, increase or decrease of ECF volume, increase or decrease in PTH, acidosis or alkalosis

Question 34

the homeostasis of pH is maintained by

Answer 34

buffer systems, exhalation of CO2, and kidney excretion

Question 35

what are the important types of buffer systems

Answer 35

protein system, carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, phosphate system

Question 36

what is the most abundant body buffer system

Answer 36

protein buffer system

Question 37

what happens when you increase the rate and depth of breathing

Answer 37

more CO2 is exhaled which leads to increased pH

Question 38

what happens when you decrease the rate and depth of breathing

Answer 38

less CO2 is exhaled which leads to decreased blood pH

Question 39

acidosis is what blood pH

Answer 39

< 7.35 `

Question 40

alkalosis is what blood pH

Answer 40

> 7.45

Question 41

what is the normal pH range

Answer 41

7.35-7.45

Question 42

what are the primary disorders of blood PCO2

Answer 42

respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis

Question 43

what are the primary disorders of bicarbonate concentration

Answer 43

metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

Question 44

what are the 4 steps to diagnose an acid-base imbalance

Answer 44

1) check pH if high or low 2) decide if PCO2 or HCO3- is cause of abnormality 3) specify problem source as respiratory or metabolic 4) look at non-causative value and determine if its compensating for the problem

Question 45

what effect does alcohol have on ADH secretion

Answer 45

alcohol suppresses secretion of ADH

Question 46

what are the chemical buffers of the body

Answer 46

lungs and kidneys

Question 47

what 3 things do you have to look at for acid base balance and what are their normal ranges

Answer 47

pH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg HCO3- : 22-26 mEq/L

Question 48

what are the 3 things that help maintain pH of body fluids

Answer 48

buffers, exhalation of CO2, kidney excretion of H+

Question 49

elevated pH, low PaCO2, normal HCO3

Answer 49

respiratory alkalosis

Question 50

decreased pH, increased PaCO2, normal HCO3

Answer 50

respiratory acidosis

Question 51

increased pH, normal PaCO2, increased HCO3

Answer 51

metabolic alkalosis

Question 52

decreased pH, normal PaCO2, decreased HCO3

Answer 52

matabolic acidosis