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KINE 4010 B > November 15, 2023 > Flashcards

November 15, 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

Answer questions at beginning of lecture:

Use words to describe in detail the consequences of degranulation

Draw a graph of FEV1 performance after exercise at 40% and 75% of VO2max

Explain the causes of eccentric and concentric hypertrophy, and describe cellular and
heart morphology

A
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2
Q

What is the percentage of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) in asthmatics and non-asthmatic patients?

A

Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB)

  • Occurs in 50-90% of all asthmatics, and in up to 10% of non-asthmatic patients
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3
Q

Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) determined by

A

Intensity

Duration

Types of exercise

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4
Q

how does Intensity influence Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB)

A

Intensity:

EIB is proportional to intensity (and VE) up to about 70% VO2max

very low intensity walking has many no effect

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5
Q

how does duration influence Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB)

A

Duration:

less than 1 minute = no EIB (short, anaerobic activity = no effect)

1-10 minutes = progressive EIB seen post-exercise

Greater than 10 minutes = sometimes ‘run-through’ asthma (due to increased catecholamines that increase during exercise; prevent degranulation); but
sometimes not as symptoms can begin with increased duration

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6
Q

how does type of exercise influence Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB)

A

Worst: running, hockey, skiing (cold)

Best: swimming (warm, humid environment)

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7
Q

what is the Mechanisms Involved in EIB post-exercise

A

EIB post-exercise is proportional to:

VE / Air temp and air H2O (inversely proportional to air temp and humidity)

higher air temp = lower EIB

lower air temp = higher EIB

page 131

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8
Q

how does air temperature affect water loss during exercise

A

The drier and colder the air, the greater the heat and water loss during exercise, especially when ventilation rates are high

higher air temp = lower EIB

lower air temp = higher EIB

high humidity = lower EIB

low humidity = higher EIB

dry air = high EIB

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9
Q

Airway cooling can lead to _______

A

reflex bronchoconstriction (minor cause of EIB)

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10
Q

what produces a hyperosmolar environment in the airway

A

Loss of water produces a hyperosmolar environment in the airway (more important cause of EIB)

A hyperosmolar environment in the airways refers to an increased concentration of solutes (such as ions and other particles) in the fluid lining the respiratory passages

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11
Q

a hyperosmolar environment in the airway can cause …..

A

coughing and mucous production even in some non-asthmatic people;

the hyperosmolar environment stimulates the release of histamine and leukotrienes leading to airway narrowing, bronchoconstriction and dyspnea, reflected in FEV1 test

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12
Q

Suggestions for People with Asthma:

A
  1. Select exercise type and intensity carefully
  2. Nasal, rather than mouth breathing may be helpful
  3. Training can:
    - Reduce VE at submaximal workloads
    - May reduce medication requirements
  4. Drug: use 10-15 mins prior to exercise; this decreases EIB post exercise
  5. People with asthma can exercise regularly
  6. A slow warm up prior to more intense exercise may prevent some symptoms
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13
Q

what is the Fick Equation

A

Fick Equation: formula used in physiology to calculate cardiac output

Q = HR x SV;

(a-v)O2 = vols%

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14
Q

which is smaller Ventricular cells or skeletal muscle cells

A

Ventricular cells are much smaller than skeletal muscle cells and have one nucleus
and connectivity to neighbouring cells

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15
Q

what do Connexin proteins at gap junctions within intercalated discs allow for

A

Connexin proteins at gap junctions within intercalated discs allow ion flow between cells; channel for sodium to pass through in order to depolarize adjacent cells

page 132

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16
Q

Cardiac cellular dimensions during altered Pressure and Volume Overload (OL) conditions lead to

A

Leads to hypertrophy

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17
Q

what does High afterload refer to

A

High afterload: pushing against high BP

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18
Q

Example of pressure overload:

A

hypertension (high BP) is a pathological change (also occurs in resistance training exercise; transient, which leads to physiological changes)

19
Q

Example of volume overload:

A

chronically high cardiac output (ex: chronic endurance training) , or valve regurgitation (heart tries to pump out blood but it just comes back; leads to stretching of heart and hypertrophy in a different way; pathological)

20
Q

what is Eccentric hypertrophy:

A

Eccentric hypertrophy:

occurs in volume overload and cells get longer

21
Q

what is Concentric hypertrophy:

A

Concentric hypertrophy:

occurs in pressure overload and cells get thicker

22
Q

Larger cells lead to a larger heart in both cases (Eccentric hypertrophy and Concentric hypertrophy) but the chambers will have different geometries

A
23
Q

what is Atherosclerosis:

A

the narrowing and hardening of arteries due to the accumulation of plaques

24
Q

Plaque in heart:

A

lipid rich core with abnormal buildup of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and macrophages; can become calcified and harden

25
Q

Occlusion:

A

blockage

“Occlusion” refers to the blockage or closure of a passage, vessel, or opening

26
Q

Ischemia and angina pectoris relationship:

A

blood flow less than normal and can lead to angina pectoris (chest pain)

27
Q

Necrosis:

A

cell death due to lack of blood flow

28
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI):

A

heart attack

29
Q

which tissue in the body has the highest mitochondrial content

A

the heart

The heart has a very high blood flow (BF) and very high mitochondria per cell

30
Q

what is diastole

A

Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart, during which the heart muscle (myocardium) relaxes and chambers fill with blood.

31
Q

what is systole

A

Systole is the contraction phase of the heart, during which the heart muscle (myocardium) contracts, forcing blood out of the chambers and into the arteries.

32
Q

what percentage of BF to the myocardium occurs during diastole

A

80% of BF to the myocardium occurs during diastole

33
Q

what percentage of BF to the myocardium occurs during systole

A

20% during systole

34
Q

true or false:

The longer the diastolic period, the better the BF to the myocardium

A

true

35
Q

Why is Blood Flow Particularly Important for the Heart?

A

Blood flow is important for the heart because O2 extraction is at a maximum

36
Q

Aerobic energy for the heart =

A

Aerobic energy for the heart = Heart VO2 = Blood flow x (a-v)O2

37
Q

Aerobic energy for muscle =

A

Aerobic energy for muscle = muscle VO2 = blood flow x (a-v)O2

38
Q

*Heart has such a high mito content, that the output in a resting state is only 5 (extraction is 15 vols%) whereas in muscle it is 15 (extraction is 5 vols%)

A

page 134

39
Q

*Extraction of O2 even before exercise in the heart is already almost maxed out

A

page 134

40
Q

what is the only way to increase VO2 in heart during maximal exercise

A

During maximal exercise, the only way to increase VO2 in heart is to increase blood flow

41
Q

what are the two ways in which skeletal muscle can increase VO2

A

in skeletal muscle, to increase VO2 , both extraction and blood flow can increase

42
Q

Cardiac conduction is very high, except where in the heart?

Why is slow conduction velocity here beneficial?

A

Conduction velocity is high except at the AV node (action potential here is slow)

This is beneficial because it allows time for the atria to contract and fill the ventricles before the ventricles contract and eject blood (allows for flow of blood into ventricles)

43
Q

Use of ECG as a Diagnostic Tool:

P wave =

QRS complex =

T wave =

A

P wave = depolarization of atria

QRS complex = depolarization of the ventricles + repolarization of atria

T wave = repolarization of the ventricles

44
Q

what is Depression in S-T segment diagnostic of

A

Depression in S-T segment is diagnostic of conduction problems and is reflective of cardiac ischemia

May not notice this at rest, so it is important to do a stress test to reveal underlying pathology that you wouldn’t see otherwise

KINE 4010 B (32 decks)

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