October 30, 2023

Question 1

explain fatigue through SR calcium release failure

Answer 1

• Occurs in high powered low endurance exercise

1. Phosphate produced by muscle contraction can be taken up by SR where Ca is
2. Calcium and phosphate are oppositely charged
3. When bound calcium is stuck and can’t be released
4. ↓ Ca released from SR during muscle contraction → ↓ force production

Question 2

Do bigger people has more alveoli

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

Trachea and bronchi are surrounded by what?

Answer 3

cartilage

page 95

Question 4

bronchioles and below are made up of what muscle

Answer 4

smooth muscle

page 95

Question 5

Bronchioles are analogous to arterioles. true of false. explain

Answer 5

true

these contain smooth muscle around them that allows contraction and relaxation)

Question 6

where does Most gas exchange occur

Answer 6

alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs

although:

Gas exchange can occur at and below the level of the respiratory bronchiole

Question 7

what is Dead space

Answer 7

conducting zone (VD) not productive air flow yet

Question 8

True or False: We are built with enough dead space to allow the air to be warmed up before it gets to our alveoli

Answer 8

true

Question 9

list the Typical Upper Airway Cell Types

Answer 9

Cilia (move mucus and particles up and out )
Goblet cell
Mast cell
Epithelial cell

Question 10

what is Eupnea

Answer 10

quiet breathing

Question 11

what contracts during eupnea

Answer 11

Only the diaphragm contracts

Question 12

During Eupnea inspiration, is lung pressure greater or lower than atmospheric pressure

Answer 12

lower

Pressure in the lung goes down, lower than atmospheric pressure, so the air flows in

Question 13

how does expiration occur during eupnea

Answer 13

Diaphragm relaxation and elastic recoil returns the lung to FRC (functional residual capacity); pressure in lung is higher than atmospheric pressure so the air moves out

Question 14

what is Hyperpnea

Answer 14

accelerated breathing

More muscles involved

Diaphragm is more active

Question 15

is the diaphragm more active during eupnea or hyperpnea

Answer 15

Diaphragm is more active hyperpnea

Question 16

Respiratory muscle activity can represent up to what percentage of VO2

Answer 16

Respiratory muscle activity can represent up to 10% of VO2

Question 17

True or False: Respiratory muscles are like all other skeletal muscles functionally

Answer 17

true

Question 18

do Respiratory muscles act on the chest wall to move gas in and out of lungs

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

Does Exercise result in an increase in ventilation? If so how does this affect the workload is placed on respiratory muscles?

Answer 19

Exercise results in an increase in ventilation and therefore an increased workload is placed on respiratory muscles

Question 20

muscle fatigue can result if exercise is greater than what percentage of VO2 max? For how long?

Answer 20

muscle fatigue can result if exercise is greater than

80% VO2 max for over 15 mins (acidosis)

or

50% VO2 max for greater than 120 mins (glycogen depletion)

Question 21

Respiratory muscles adapt to exercise training in a similar manner to locomotor skeletal muscles which leads to what

Answer 21

increase oxidative capacity, mitochondrial content and respiratory muscle endurance

Question 22

in what scenario can Respiratory muscles atrophy

Answer 22

Respiratory muscles atrophy when a patient is on an artificial ventilatory (due to spinal cord injury, or coronavirus infection)

Question 23

Muscles of Inspiration

Answer 23

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Accessory muscles in neck (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles); help pull ribs upward and expand the chest wall and therefore the lung since they are attached)

Question 24

Muscles of Expiration

Answer 24

diaphragm (relaxation)

Internal intercostals

External abdominal oblique

Question 25

The Shape and Size of the Lung follows what?

Answer 25

the ribs and diaphragm because of the pleura and fluid interface

Question 26

where are the Visceral and parietal pleura located?

Answer 26

Visceral(touching lung) and parietal pleura (touching diaphragm) fluid located between lung and diaphragm

Question 27

what is Pneumothorax

Answer 27

the presence of air in the pleural cavity, which is the space between the lung and the chest wall.

Question 28

how does Pneumothorax occur

Answer 28

results if the seal is broken

Two opposing forces (chest wall going out and lung wanting to deflate); causes pulling in opposite directions and fluid in between pleura causes a vacuum; in a pneumothorax, there is no more adhesion to keep pleura together

Elastic recoil of the lung causes it to collapse

Elastic recoil of the chest wall expands the chest wall outward

Question 29

FRC: functional residual capacity
Chart on pg. 99

Answer 29

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is a term used in respiratory physiology to describe the volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation

FRC represents the balance between two opposing forces in the respiratory system:

Elastic recoil of the lung

Elastic recoil of the chest wall

Question 30

Elastic recoil of the lung causes it to ?

Answer 30

collapse

Question 31

Elastic recoil of the chest wall causes it to ?

Answer 31

expands the chest wall outward