September 13, 2023 Flashcards
what are “Knockout” animals
animals that have been genetically modified without the CPK gene
what are the results from the experiments with “knockout” animals
they show a decrease in muscle performance at the start of muscle contractile activity
what are transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are animals that have had their genetic material deliberately altered through the introduction of genes from another organism
does creatine have known side-effects
no known side-effects
what are the benefits of Creatine Supplements
muscle and health benefits(especially in older adults)
what effect does creatine have on the cell?
osmotic effects
Muscle Cell Hydration: Creatine supplementation may lead to increased water content within muscle cells. This extra water retention, sometimes referred to as “cell volumization,” can result in the appearance of larger, fuller muscles.
how does creatine get transported inside the cell
because creatine looks like an amino acid, the cell recognizes it as such and transport it inside the cell
why does creatine be ingested with Glucose to maximize the uptake of creatine into muscle
approach is based on the insulin response triggered by carbohydrates, which can help increase the absorption and storage of creatine in muscle tissue
explain the steps of glucose-creatine ingestion
Insulin Release: When you consume carbohydrates, especially high-glycemic carbohydrates (those that raise blood sugar quickly), your body responds by releasing insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and its primary role is to regulate blood sugar levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, including muscle cells, by facilitating the movement of glucose transporters (GLUT4) to the cell membrane.
Enhanced Creatine Uptake: When insulin levels rise in response to carbohydrate consumption, it can enhance the uptake of creatine into muscle cells by increasing the activity of the creatine transporter.
Muscle Glycogen Repletion: In addition to enhancing creatine uptake, consuming carbohydrates alongside creatine can also help replenish muscle glycogen stores.
should creatine be a banned substance
no because it is linked to better performance in high intensity events
review Page 14 “Summary of research on the potential benefits of Creatine supplementation”
what is the key molecule activating all three systems of energy production
ADP
what is PFK
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a key regulatory enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, which is responsible for breaking down glucose into pyruvate to produce energy (in the form of ATP) in cells
How does ADP, activate PFK, and therefore glycolysis
Activation of PFK:
High levels of ADP, signaling an energy deficit, act as a signal to activate PFK.
Specifically, ADP binds to the allosteric site (a site other than the active site) on the PFK enzyme. This binding causes a conformational change in the enzyme, making it more receptive to its substrate, fructose-6-phosphate (F6P).
PFK catalyzes the conversion of F6P to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) in the glycolysis pathway.
The activation of PFK by ADP accelerates the glycolysis process by facilitating the conversion of F6P into F1,6BP.
In summary, ADP serves as a signal to activate PFK, which in turn stimulates glycolysis.
what is Vmax
Vmax (maximum velocity) is a term used to describe the maximum rate at which an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can proceed under optimal conditions. It represents the point at which the enzyme is saturated with its substrate, and all of the enzyme’s active sites are occupied by substrate molecules.
