NUCLEIC ACID

Question 1

BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACID

Answer 1

nucleotides

Question 2

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Answer 2

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Question 3

what machine was used to confirm the SHAPE OF THE DNA MOLECULE as double helix?

Answer 3

x-ray crystallography

Question 4

who were the first scientist to determine the 3D STRUCTURE OF DNA?

Answer 4

james watson and francis crick

Question 5

is common in the CYTOPLASM OF A CELL

Answer 5

RNA

Question 6

ACTS AS MESSENGER, carrying information from the DNA towards cytoplasm where proteins are synthesized

Answer 6

RNA

Question 7

this proposed flow of genetic information from DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN is the basis of what we now called

Answer 7

central dogma

Question 8

it ACTS AS AN ADAPTOR

Answer 8

transfer RNA

Question 9

is a procedure used to ISOLATE DNA FROM THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS

Answer 9

DNA extraction

Question 10

it is usually performed to OBTAIN A RELATIVELY PURE FORM OF DNA that can be used for further investigations

Answer 10

DNA extraction

Question 11

INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA for the extraction process. The larger the surface area, the faster the extraction procedure

Answer 11

mashing

Question 12

membrane lipids are REMOVED IN THE SAMPLE by adding a DETERGENT

Answer 12

lysis of cells

Question 13

it helps the DNA strands to STICK TO EACH OTHER, it also causes proteins and carbohydrates to PRECIPITATE

Answer 13

addition of saline solution

Question 14

DNA is INSOLUBLE IN ALCOHOLS, usually with ethanol or isopropanol. Draws water molecule away from DNA, causing it to collapse and precipitate

Answer 14

addition of cold alcohol

Question 15

the isolated DNA appears like a WHITE MUCUS

Answer 15

isolate the DNA from the solution

Question 16

are either PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENT that permanently changes genetic material, usually the DNA

Answer 16

mutagens

Question 17

is a CHANGE IN A SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE BASE on the m-RNA chain

Answer 17

point mutation

Question 18

NO CHANGE IN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE specified by codons

Answer 18

silent mutation

Question 19

CHANGE IN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE specified by codons

Answer 19

missense

Question 20

SHORTENED AMINO ACID SEQUENCE due to substitution causing a stop codon to form somewhere in the mRNA

Answer 20

nonsense mutation

Question 21

ADDITION/DELETION of nucleotide resulting in codon frameshift

Answer 21

frameshift mutation

Question 22

INVOLVE LARGE REGIONS OF CHROMOSOMES and can be divided into four categories; deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

Answer 22

chromosomal mutation

Question 23

DNA is found in the
cytoplasm of prokaryotic
cells

Answer 23

PROKARYOTIC DNA

Question 24

DNA is found in the nucleus
of the cell

Answer 24

EUKARYOTIC DNA

Question 25

cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA

Answer 25

Class I topoisomerases

Question 26

cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix

Answer 26

Class II topoisomerase

Question 27

Enzymes that are involved in changing the supercoiled state of DNA.

Answer 27

TOPOISOMERASE

Question 28

is a bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA.

Answer 28

DNA gyrase

Question 29

a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei

Answer 29

chromatin

Question 30

basic proteins found complexed to eukaryotic DNA

Answer 30

histones

Question 31

a globular structure in chromatin in which DNA is wrapped around an aggregate of histone molecules

Answer 31

nucleosome

Question 32

is an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins.

Answer 32

chromosomes

Question 33

are strands of DNA in a double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base.

Answer 33

Complementary DNA strands

Question 34

Purine and pyrimidine bases are what in nature?

Answer 34

hydrophobic

Question 35

ANTICANCER DRUGS THAT INHIBITS DNA SYNTHESIS

Answer 35

ANTIMETABOLITES

Question 36

formed directly by DNA transcription

Answer 36

Heterogenous nuclear RNA

Question 37

facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA

Answer 37

Small nuclear RNA

Question 38

carries instructions for protein synthesis

Answer 38

Messenger RNA

Question 39

combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes

Answer 39

Ribosomal RNA

Question 40

delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis

Answer 40

Transfer RNA

Question 41

delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis

Answer 41

Transfer RNA

Question 42

is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules

Answer 42

Transcription

Question 43

is a segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule.

Answer 43

gene

Question 44

all of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism.

Answer 44

genome

Question 45

unwinding of DNA double helix done by______ not by DNA helicase

Answer 45

RNA polymerase

Question 46

is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered

Answer 46

translation