Nutrients and Digestion

Question 1

what are the 3 monosaccharides?

Answer 1

glucose
galactose
fructose

Question 2

what are the 3 disaccharides?

Answer 2

lactose
sucrose
maltose

Question 3

what type of bonds are glucose monomers held together by in disaccharides?

Answer 3

glycosidic bonds

Question 4

what type of bonds are glucose monomers linked together by in starch?

Answer 4

alpha 1,4, glycosidic bonds

Question 5

what type of bonds are glucose monomers linked together by in cellulose?

Answer 5

beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 6

what is lactose broken down into and by what enzyme?

Answer 6

lactase

glucose + galactose

Question 7

what is maltose broken down into and by what enzyme?

Answer 7

maltase

glucose + glucose

Question 8

what is sucrose broken down into and by what enzyme?

Answer 8

sucrase

glucose + fructose

Question 9

what is the term sed for cellulose because we cannot digest it?

Answer 9

dietary fiber

Question 10

because we don’t produce cellulase, how do vertebrates digest it?

Answer 10

by bacterial enzymes

Question 11

what enzyme breaks polysaccharides into disaccharides?

Answer 11

amylase

Question 12

what transporter is used in the transport of glucose and galactose from the cell into the blood?

Answer 12

GLUT - 5

Question 13

what transporter is used in the transport of fructose from lumen to cell?

Answer 13

GLUT- 2

Question 14

what transporter is used in the transport of glucose and galactose from lumen to cell?

Answer 14

SGLT1

Question 15

what transporter is used in the transport of fructose from cell to blood?

Answer 15

GLUT - 5

Question 16

what type of bond are polymers of amino acids linked by?

Answer 16

peptide bonds

Question 17

what are the enzymes which break down proteins and peptides into amino acids?

Answer 17

peptidases / proteases

Question 18

what are the 2 different peptidases?

Answer 18

exopeptidases - act on the terminal branches of the peptides: amino peptidases and carboxypeptidases
endopeptidases - act on the inside of the peptide

Question 19

name 2 transporters which are used in the transport of amino acids into the cell.

Answer 19

SAAT1 and pepT1

Question 20

what is the most common transporter used int he transport of peptides?

Answer 20

PepT1

Question 21

how does the transport of di peptides occur?

Answer 21

di and tri peptide amino acid transporter.
occurs in microclimate (acidic conditions) = higher abundance of H ions
dependant on H ions (protons) to drive peptide into cell through PepT1
H ions then leave the cell back into the lumen

Question 22

what is considered a small protein / peptide?

Answer 22

3-10 amino acid chains in length

Question 23

what are almost all fats ingested in the form of?

Answer 23

triacylglycerides

Question 24

where are fats digested ?

Answer 24

the small intestine

Question 25

what are fats digested by?

Answer 25

pancreatic lipase

Question 26

what does lipase digest triacylglycerides into?

Answer 26

monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids

Question 27

what is emulsification and why does it happen?

Answer 27

divides large lipid droplets into smaller ones because digestion occurs on the surface of the droplet therefore if they are large then there is not a large surface area by making them smaller - surface area increases

Question 28

what are miscalles made up of?

Answer 28

monoglyceride + fatty acids + bile salts + phospholipids

Question 29

what is the purpose of micelles?

Answer 29

miscele enhances speed of digestion by storing the monoglycerides and fatty acids the then release a small amount into solution (they are soluble due to bile and phospholipids) they are then able to diffuse across the membrane

Question 30

what happens when fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelial cell?

Answer 30

they enter the set where they reform into triacylglycerides released in a vesicle then pass through the golgi apparatus they then leave the cell through serosal membrane and enter the extracellular fluid

Question 31

what are triglycerides in extracellular fluid called?

Answer 31

chylomicrons

Question 32

what vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 32

A , D , E , K

Question 33

what vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 33

B group, C and folic acid

Question 34

where is iron absorbed?

Answer 34

across the intestine

Question 35

after iron is absorbed where is it transported and by which transporter?

Answer 35

transported into the duodenal enterocytes by DMT1

Question 36

how is iron stored intracellularly?

Answer 36

iron + protein = ferritin

Question 37

what happens to unbound iron?

Answer 37

transported into the blood and binds to transferritin

Question 38

what condition has decreased ferritin levels?

Answer 38

anaemia

Question 39

what condition has more iron bound in enterocytes than in the blood?

Answer 39

hyperaemia

Question 40

what condition has more iron released to the blood ?

Answer 40

anaemia (decreased ferritin levels)