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Farm (year 4) > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is toxicosis?

A

disease state that results from exposure of a poison

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2
Q

what causes lead poisoning?

A

ingestion of lead from soil or point sources (paint, batteries…)

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3
Q

what are the clinical signs of acute lead poisoning?

A

sudden onset muscle tremors, twitching, hyperthermia, salivation, rolling eyes, blindness, convulsions, pupillary dilation
death

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4
Q

what animals is acute lead poisoning found in?

A

young calves

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of subacute lead poisoning?

A

illness, anorexia, salivation, blindness, incoordination, staggering, circling, ruminal atony, recumbency

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6
Q

what type of clinical signs does acute/subacute lead poisoning case?

A

neurological

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7
Q

what is the typical cause of chronic lead poisoning?

A

lambs exposed to soils high in lead

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8
Q

what are the two syndromes associated with chronic lead poisoning?

A

ill thrift with gait abnormalities
lameness with paralysis and fractures

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9
Q

why is subclinical lead poisoning an issue?

A

chronic low levels cause no clinical signs but there may be residues in meat/milk

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10
Q

what can be used to treat lead poisoning?

A

chelation therapy
thiamine hydrochloride
supportive therapy
rumenotomy

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11
Q

what is the measure of control to avoid contamination of the food chain if animals have had lead poisoning?

A

16 week voluntary withdrawal

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12
Q

if emergency slaughter is needed for an animal during the 16 week voluntary withdrawal period for a herd with lead poisoning?

A

if cow is clinically unaffected - should have FCI and offal should be discarded

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13
Q

when is copper poisoning usually seen in cattle?

A

if they have access to pig feed or graze pastures fertilised with pig manure

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of copper poisoning?

A

depressed, anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria, ataxia, recumbency, death

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15
Q

what are the post mortem findings of an animal with copper poisoning?

A

pale/jaundiced carcass
pale tan/bronzed liver
red/black urine
secondary lung consolidation

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16
Q

what is used to treat copper poisoning?

A

supportive
copper antagonist - molybdenum/sulphur

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17
Q

what causes selenium poisoning?

A

excessive supplementation

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18
Q

what are the clinical signs of selenium poisoning?

A

staggering gait, dyspnoea, tympany, colic, diarrhoea, recumbency, cyanosis, death
(damaged cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and lymphoid tissue)

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19
Q

what are the post mortem findings of an animal with selenium poisoning?

A

subcutaneous haemorrhage, straw coloured fluid in pericardium, pulmonary oedema, abomasitis, hepatic congestion, brain stem haemorrhage

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20
Q

what treatment is used for selenium poisoning?

A

none - supportive

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21
Q

what is the main farm animal that anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is seen in?

A

pigs - poison and rats that have ingested poison

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22
Q

what are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

anaemic, non-pyrexic, weak, haemorrhages

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23
Q

why is excessive intake of nitrate poisonous?

A

rumen bugs convert it to nitrite which gets into blood stream which converts haemoglobin to methaemoglobin which won’t transport oxygen

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24
Q

what are the clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

anoxia, cyanotic membranes, tachypnoea, weak/rapid pulse (due to lack of oxygen)

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25
how does blood appear if the animal has nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
chocolate-brown discolouration
26
what is used to treat nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
IV methylene blue
27
what is the usual aetiology of botulism?
using broiler chicken litter as fertiliser
28
what are the clinical signs of botulism?
found dead recumbent and flaccid paralysis
29
what is used to treat botulism?
no treatment available
30
how long do recovered botulism cases have to wait before going into the food chain?
18 days
31
what is the main sign of mycotoxins?
refusal of feed containing these toxins
32
what are some control measures to prevent against mycotoxins?
dry grain to correct moisture prevent silage being exposed to oxygen keep straw dry avoid feeding mould or spoilage clean crop stores between batches
33
what produces aflatoxins?
Aspergillus fungi
34
what are the clinical signs of aflatoxin poisoning?
hepatic disease decrease intake and milk yield immunsuppression (immune supression)
35
what produces deoxynivalenol (DON)?
Fusarium fungi
36
what are the clinical signs of deoxynivalenol poisoning?
lower intakes and milk yield diarrhoea immune alterations
37
what produces zearalenone?
Fusarium fungi (enhanced by high temperatures)
38
what is the main species effected by zearalenone poisoning?
pigs
39
what are the clinical signs of zearalenone poisoning?
hyperoestrogenism - vulval and mammary gland swelling nymphomania rectal/vaginal prolapses
40
what are the clinical signs of facial eczema?
ill thrift, reduced fertility, photosensitisation
41
what causes facial eczema?
mycotoxins
42
are there any specific treatments available for mycotoxins?
no specific treatments (supportive)
43
what causes ryegrass staggers?
mycotoxin (lolittrem) produced by ryegrass
44
what are the clinical signs of ryegrass staggers?
fine head/neck tremors, head nodding, collapse and lateral recumbency tetanic spasms
45
what causes ergotism?
ingestion of ergot alkaloids produced by parasitic fungi on small grain crops
46
what are the clinical signs of ergotism?
capillary damage causing cold/numb extremities resulting in gangrenous lesions of the lower limbs
47
what are plant poisonings often associated with?
poor pasture/overgrazing herbicide usage conserved forages (drying)
48
what is the toxin in ragwort?
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
49
what system is ragwort toxic to?
hepatotoxin
50
what are the clinical signs of ragwort poisoning?
weight loss, oedema, diarrhoea photosensitisation
51
what are some toxins found in brassica crops?
nitrate/nitrite, oxalates, goitrogens
52
what is the toxin found in St Johns wort?
hypericin
53
what system is St Johns wort toxic to?
liver
54
what are the clinical signs of St Johns wort?
photosensitisation - erythema, swelling, skin necrosis
55
what is the main clinical sign of rhododendron poisoning?
projectile vomiting
56
what systems are effected by rhododendron poisoning?
muscle and nervous systems
57
what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning?
abdominal pain, vomiting, tremors, staggering, recumbency
58
what are the poisons present in acorns/oak?
phenols and tanins
59
what are the clinical signs of oak poisoning?
alimentary - colic, weight loss, consipation then black tarry faeces haematuria
60
what does bracken cause in cattle?
enzootic haematuria
61
what clinical signs does bracken cause in sheep?
bright blindness
62
what are the toxins found in bracken?
thiaminases cyanogenic glycoside
63
what does yew poisoning cause?
sudden death

Farm (year 4) (17 decks)

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