Poultry Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
what is the definition of free range poultry?
A
during daylight poultry has access to ground with vegetables, mud, nettles, bark wood chips or mesh
2
Q
what is the body temperature of poultry?
A
40-42
3
Q
what is the heart rate of poultry?
A
120-160bpm
4
Q
what is the respiratory rate of poultry?
A
20-130bpm
5
Q
what external mites effect poultry?
A
lice, red mite, northern fowl mite, scaly leg mite, depluming mite
6
Q
what is the main place to bleed a bird?
A
wing vein (also use jugular)
7
Q
what is a notable feature of avian red blood cells?
A
nucleated
8
Q
what is looked at for a BCS?
A
pin bones and breast muscle
9
Q
what are some skeletal conditions effecting poultry?
A
fractures, kyphosis, scoliosis, spondylosis, bent breastbone, rickets
10
Q
what is the only skin gland present on poultry?
A
uropygial/preen gland
11
Q
what is the uropygial/preen gland for?
A
producing lipid secretions for feather maintenance
12
Q
where is the uropygial/preen gland found?
A
outer auditory canal
ventral glands of cloaca
13
Q
what is a brood patch?
A
location on the caudal half of ventral apterium that lose feathers prior to laying
14
Q
what are some colours which would represent a discoloured comb?
A
pale, purple, black, yellow, white flakes, white spots
15
Q
what is the function of the gizzard?
A
contains insoluble grit to mechanically break up the food
16
Q
what is the function of the proventriculus?
A
acts as a stomach to break down food
17
Q
where are capillaria found?
A
intestine
18
Q
where is Heterakis found?
A
caeca
19
Q
where are ascarids found?
A
intestine
20
Q
where are trichostrongyles found?
A
intestines
21
Q
what is the licensed wormer to control internal worm parasites?
A
flubendazole
22
Q
how is flubendazole administered in backyard poultry?
A
for 7 days in feed
23
Q
what protozoal internal parasites are found in poultry?
A
Eimeria spp.
Histamonus gallinarium
trichomonosis
hexamitosis
24
Q
what bacterial infections effect the digestive tract of poultry?
A
E. coli
salmonella
campylobacter
clostridium
25
what is the function of the infundibulum in egg production?
capture the ovum
26
how long does the egg remain at the ovum?
0.5 hours
27
what is the function of the magnum in egg production?
adds the albumin
28
how long does the egg remain at the magnum?
3 hours
29
what is the function of the isthmus in egg production?
adds shell membrane
30
how long does the egg remain at the isthmus?
1.25 hours
31
what is the function of the uterus in egg production?
egg shell is added
32
how long does the egg remain in the uterus?
20 hours
33
what is the incubation time of chicken eggs?
21 days
34
how old should eggs be when they are incubated?
over 24 hours
<7 days
35
what is candling used for?
determine fertility of an egg
36
when can candling be done on an egg?
9-10 days after incubation
37
what will be seen when candling a fertile egg?
lots of blood vessels
38
what can be used to sex chicks?
vent or feathers
39
what is the difference between male and female chicks feathers?
males have more pointed feathers
40
what are some problems effecting backyard layers egg production?
oviduct infection (E. coli)
egg peritonitis
IBV infection
egg bound (lack of calcium)
vent gleet
pyometra
41
what are the non-infectious causes of neurological problems in backyard poultry?
poison - botulism, salt, heavy metals
nutritional - thiamine deficiency
42
what aged birds is infectious burial disease virus and chicken anaemia virus seen in?
young
43
why is infectious burial disease only seen in young birds?
multiplies in bursa of Fabricius which is only present in young birds
44
what is used to anaesthetise poultry?
ketamine
isoflurane/sevoflurane
45
what are some analgesics available for poultry?
buprenorphine
carprofen
ketoprofen
meloxicam
46
what is the biggest problem with vaccinating backyard poultry?
unavailability of small quantity doses
cold-chain/liquid nitrogen needed
47
what is used to euthanise poultry?
pentobarbitone
neck dislocation (<3kg)
48
what are the most commonly kept backyard waterfowl?
ducks
49
how much water should backyard waterfowl have access to?
drinking and enough to submerge their head
50
where are blood samples collected from in ducks?
medial metatarsal vein
51
what cause angel wing in ducks?
excessive protein intake during rearing
52
what age is pinioning allowed in waterfowl?
up to 7 days old
53
what are the main diseases of young game bird chicks?
yolk sac infection - infection in egg/environment
septicaemia
54
what can yolk sac infection of young game birds lead to?
naval infection
55
what are the signs of starve out in young gamebirds?
lethargic chicks
empty gizzard/contains bedding material
56
what can cause starve out in young game birds?
unhealthy breeding flock
prolonged hatching period
chilled after hatch
environment - temperature, ammonia, carbon
poor feed/water distribution
57
what are the clinical signs of aspergillosis in young game birds?
gasping poults, weight loss, increased mortality
58
how is aspergillosis treated in young gamebirds?
cull - treatment isn't economical
59
what are the clinical signs of rotavirus in gamebirds?
depression, dropped wings, closed eyes, huddling, ruffled feathers
60
how is rotavirus prevented in young gamebirds?
frequent egg collection and cleaning
cleaning/disinfection between batches
61
what are the clinical signs of spironucleosis and trichomoniasis in young gamebirds?
watery diarrhoea (yellow/frothy), dehydration, weight loss, uneven flock
62
what is used to treat spironucleosis and trichomoniasis?
antibiotics and electrolytes
63
what are the risk factors for spironucleaosia and trichomoniasis in young gamebirds?
wet/moist environment, overcrowding, stress
64
what can be used to treat coccidiosis in young gamebirds?
toltrazuril
amprolium
65
what aged gamebirds are effected by coccidiosis?
15 days to 16 weeks
66
what are the biggest problems effecting release gamebird poults?
stress
enteritis/dysbacteriosis
67
what are the clinical signs of enteritis in releasing gamebird poults?
scour and dehydration
68
what can be used to treat enteritis in releasing gamebird poults?
antibiotics, hydration, acidification of water, electrolytes
69
what are some stress factors relating to releasing gamebird poults?
transport, chill, search for food/water, predators...
70
what are some signs of an unhealthy pigeon?
not eating/drinking
no eggs
no preening/ruffled feathers
little/different noise
abnormal/watery droppings
little activity/exercise
71
what is the life expectancy of a pigeon?
20-30 years
72
what is the temperature of a pigeon?
40-43
73
what is the heart rate of a pigeon?
180-250 bpm
74
what is the respiratory rate of a pigeon?
26 bpm
75
what is the louse that effects pigeons?
Columbicola columbae
76
what is used to treat lice in pigeons?
permethrin powder/sprays
spot-on ivermectin
77
what is a notifiable disease of pigeons?
pigeon paramyxovirus
78
what are the clinical signs of pigeon paramyxovirus?
PUPD, torticollis, unable to feed/fly, sudden death
79
how can pigeon paramyxovirus be prevented?
vaccination
80
what does trichomonas cause in pigeons?
canker
81
how is trichomonas spread in pigeons?
via crop milk within hours of the chick hatching
82
what can be used to treat canker?
carmidazole, rondidazole, dimetridazole
83
what lesions are present with canker?
yellow necrotic lesions in the mouth
84
what are the clinical signs of coccidiosis in pigeons?
green diarrhoea, weak, emaciated, fluffed up
85
what are some non-infectious causes of mortality in chicks?
temperature, humidity, ventilation
water/feed
transport
nutritional deficiency
86
what are some infectious causes of mortality in chicks?
navel/yolk sac infection (salmonella, E. coli...)
aspergillosis
vaccination reactions
87
what are some immunosuppressive diseases of grower and pullets? (chickens)
infectious burial disease
chicken anaemia virus
mareks disease
reoviruses
88
what are some respiratory diseases of growers and pullets? (chickens)
mycoplasma
infectious bronchitis virus
Newcastle disease virus
avian influenza virus
avian metapneumovirus
infectious laryngotracheitis
parasites - gapeworm
89
what are the clinical signs of respiratory disease in chickens?
cough, sneeze
poor weight gain and FCR
reduced egg production
90
what are some gastrointestinal tract diseases of growers and pullets? (chickens)
salmonella
E. coli
clostridium
campylobacter
parasites - worms/protozoa
crop mycosis
91
what are some neurological diseases effecting growers and pullets? (chickens)
avian encephalomyelitis
mareks
botulism
nutritional
newcastles
avian influenza
92
what are some non-infectious causes of lameness in growers and pullets? (chickens)
tibial dyschondroplasia
spondylolisthesis
rickets
ionophore toxicity
93
what are some infectious causes of lameness in growers and pullets? (chickens)
mareks
botulism
bumblefoot
viral arthritis
infectious synovitis
staphylococcus (septic arthritis)
94
what are the two main notifiable disease in chickens?
avian influenza
Newcastles disease
95
what is the main organism of egg peritonitis?
E. coli
96
what are some risk factors of egg peritonitis?
poor flock uniformity and weight
physical/hormonal stress
97
how can egg peritonitis be prevented?
sustain body weight and uniformity
reduce stress
minimise bacterial challenge
vaccinate for primary pathogens (E. coli...)
98
how does faeces of chickens appear when they have a Brachyspira infection?
yellow, thick, frothy
99
what are some metabolic causes of a drop in egg production of chickens?
cage layer fatigue
fatty liver syndrome
fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome
water deprivation
sudden feed changes
100
what causes egg drop syndrome?
adenovirus
101
what are the signs of egg drop syndrome?
shell quality - rough, thin, soft, normal, loss of pigment
no specific lesions
drop in egg production
102
what is the slaughter age of female turkeys?
12-15 weeks
103
what is the slaughter age of male turkeys?
18-21 weeks
104
what are some infectious causes of high mortality and poor growth of turkeys less than 3 weeks old?
naval/yolk sac infection
candidiasis
viral turkey hepatitis
aspergilossis
coccidiosis
turkey coryza
staphylococcus
105
what are some infectious causes of lameness in growing turkeys?
bacterial arthritis
spondylolisthesis
106
what are some respiratory diseases that effect growing turkeys?
mycoplasma
turkey coryza
fowl cholera
NDV, AID
turkey rhinotracheitis
107
what are the species of eimeria important in causing coccidiosis in turkeys?
E. meleagrimitis
E. adenoides
108
what is the difficulty of diagnosing coccidiosis in turkeys?
found in all turkeys so difficult to tell the significance of the lesion
109
how can coccidiosis of turkeys be prevented?
coccidiostat (monensin, diclazuril...)
toltrazuril, sulphonamides
(don't use tiamulin with ionophores)
110
where is E. meleagrimitis found in turkeys?
upper small intestines
111
where is E. adenoids found in turkeys?
caecum an rectum
112
what is the intermediate host of Histomonas meleagradis?
Heterakis gallinarium
113
what does Histomonas meleagridis cause?
blackhead (histomoniasis)
114
how is histomoniasis controlled in turkeys?
flubendazol to control Heterakis
115
what is the main clinical sign of turkey coronavirus?
watery scour (9-11 weeks old)
116
what age turkeys are effected by astrovirus?
5-10 days old
117
what is the main clinical sign of astrovirus in turkeys?
typhilitis (caecum inflammation/infection)
118
what age is rotavirus seen in turkeys?
2-3 weeks old
119
what are the main clinical signs of rotavirus in turkeys?
enteritis and vent pecking
