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iGCSE Biology > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

a muscular tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach

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2
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

the digestive tract running from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

the contraction of muscles along the alimentary canal that pushes the food along

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4
Q

What is amylase?

A

an enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that specialises in the break of starch into maltose in the mouth and the duodenum

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5
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

the first part of the small intestine where food is broken down

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6
Q

What enzymes are produced in the pancreas work in the duodenum?

A

amylase, lipase, trypsin

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7
Q

What is the ileum?

A

second part of the small intestine where the products of digestion are absorbed and adapted

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8
Q

What are the adaptations of the ileum?

A

one cell wall thick -> short diffusion distance
villi and microvilli -> high surface area
capillaries -> high concentration gradient

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9
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking food in through mouth and swallowing

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10
Q

What is digestion?

A

breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

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11
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of small soluble molecules out of the gut and into the blood by diffusion and active transport

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12
Q

What is assimilation?

A

forming larger biological molecules from small soluble molecules

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13
Q

What is egestion?

A

passing out undigested food via anus

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14
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

neutralise stomach acid and emulsify lipids

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15
Q

Where is bile made, store and used?

A

made in liver, stored in gall bladder and used in duodenum

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16
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

chewing

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17
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

use of enzymes such as amylase

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18
Q

What is the colon?

A

the first part of the large intestine where the water is reabsorbed

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19
Q

What is lipase?

A

an enzyme produced in the pancreas and used in the duodenum to speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

What is maltase?

A

an enzyme produced and used in the duodenum to breakdown maltose into glucose

21
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

an organ that produces and secretes enzymes

22
Q

What is the rectum?

A

the final part of the large intestine where faeces is stored

23
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

food enters via the oesophagus and is exposed to stomach acid which is the optimum pH for pepsin (pH2). the acid also kills any bacteria on the food. muscular walls contract to move food around to increase chance of food coming into contact with digestive enzymes.

24
Q

What are villi?

A

small projections on the surface area of the ileum that increase surface area for maximum absorption (by diffusion). The walls of the villi are folded which further increases the total surface area.

25
Q

What is pepsin?

A

an enzyme produced in the gastric glands of the stomach and is used to break down proteins into pepdtides. pH 2!

26
Q

What is trypsin?

A

an enzyme produced in the pancreas and used in the duodenum to break down proteins into peptides

27
Q

What is peptidase?

A

an enzyme produced in the duodenum and used to break down peptides into amino acids

28
Q

What is the function of the iron in the body?

A

forms haemoglobin to bond to oxygen

29
Q

What is the deficiency disease of iron?

A

anaemia

30
Q

What are some food sources of iron?

A

red meat, liver, spinach

31
Q

What is the function of calcium in the body?

A

form bones and teeth

32
Q

What is the deficiency disease of calcium?

A

rickets

33
Q

What are food sources of calcium?

A

dairy products, vegetables, fish

34
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A in the body?

A

making a chemical in the retina and protecting surface of the eye

35
Q

What is the deficiency disease for Vitamin A?

A

night blindness

36
Q

What are food sources of Vitamin A?

A

carrots, fish liver oil, butter

37
Q

What are the function of Vitamin C in the body?

A

needed for cells and tissues to stick together

38
Q

What is the deficiency disease for Vitamin C?

A

scurvy

39
Q

What are food sources of Vitamin C?

A

fruit and vegetables

40
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D in the body?

A

needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from blood

41
Q

What is the deficiency disease for Vitamin D?

A

rickets

42
Q

What are food sources of Vitamin D?

A

dairy products, oily fish

43
Q

What is fibre?

A

plant material that cannot be digested because it is mainly cellulose

44
Q

Why is fibre needed in a balanced diet?

A

helps movement of food through intestine and prevents bowel cancer and constipation

45
Q

Why is water needed for a balanced diet?

A

it is an essential solvent and is used to transport components of blood and is crucial for temperature regulation

45
Q
A
46
Q
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46
Q
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iGCSE Biology (20 decks)

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