Transport

Question 1

aorta

Answer 1

main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart, specifically the left ventricle, to the rest of the body

Question 2

What type of circulation do humans have?

Answer 2

double circulation

Question 3

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 3

deoxygenated blood is pumped to lungs and oxygenated blood returns back to heart

Question 4

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 4

oxygenated blood is pumped to organs of body and deoxygenated blood returned back to the heart

Question 5

artery

Answer 5

type of blood vessel that carries high pressure blood away from heart to body

Question 6

Describe an artery

Answer 6

narrow lumen, thick elastic and muscular outer layers

Question 7

atria

Answer 7

two chambers at the top of the heart that receive blood from the veins and pump blood to ventricles

Question 8

Describe the atria

Answer 8

thinner walls compared to ventricles because of the distance… so blood doesn’t need to be high pressure

Question 9

What is blood made up of?

Answer 9

red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets

Question 10

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 10

white blood cell

Question 11

What does a lymphocyte do?

Answer 11

produces antibodies

Question 12

Explain how antibodies produced by white blood cells work

Answer 12

making a hole in pathogen cell wall
neutralising toxins
causing agglutination
memory cells remember

Question 13

What is a phagocyte?

Answer 13

white blood cell

Question 14

What does a phagocyte do?

Answer 14

phaogcytosis ; engulfs and digests pathogens

Question 15

What is a pathogen?

Answer 15

a micro-organism with the ability to cause disease

Question 16

What is plasma?

Answer 16

straw coloured liquid

Question 17

What is the job of plasma?

Answer 17

transport blood cells and other substances like hormones, glucose, amino acids, urea, heat etc

Question 18

What are red blood cells?

Answer 18

small red cells

Question 19

What is the job of red blood cells?

Answer 19

transport oxygen bound to haemoglobin

Question 20

How are red blood cells specialised for their function?

Answer 20

contain haemoglobin - form oxyhaemoglobin and transport oxygen
no nucleus - more haemoglobin can be in each cell so more o2 can be transported
biconcave shape - increases surface area for rate of diffusion

Question 21

What are platelets?

Answer 21

cell fragments

Question 22

What do platelets do?

Answer 22

clot blood to prevent infection and blood loss

Question 23

Explain how platelets clot blood

Answer 23

release chemicals that cause the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to be changed into insoluble fibrous protein fibrin.
the fibrin forms fibres across the cut which traps platelets and red blood cells and this forms a scab

Question 24

What is the function of an artery?

Answer 24

transport blood at high pressures - allows artery to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing
helps to control flow of blood by widening and narrowing

Question 25

What are coronary arteries?

Answer 25

arteries that supply heart muscle cells with glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration

Question 26

What can cause fatty deposits (atheroma) to form and narrow arteries?

Answer 26

diet, smoking, inactivity, high blood pressure

Question 27

How does smoking cause Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 27

nicotine makes platelets more sticky this forms a clot and the lumen is narrowed this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH this increases risk of heart attacks

Question 28

How does inactivity cause Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 28

inactivity causes high blood pressure which damages artery lining and increases risk of fatty deposits the lumen is narrowed this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH this increases risk of heart attacks

Question 29

How does diet cause Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 29

diet causes build up of fatty deposits the lumen is narrowed this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH this increases risk of heart attacks

Question 30

How does high blood pressure cause Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 30

high blood pressure damages artery lining and increases risk of fatty deposits the lumen is narrowed this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH this increases risk of heart attacks

Question 31

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 31

red protein found in red blood cells that bonds with and transport oxygen

Question 32

vein

Answer 32

blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure

Question 33

Describe a vein

Answer 33

thin outer wall thin layer of muscle and elastic tissue semilunar valves

Question 34

What is the function of a vein?

Answer 34

blood is flowing at lower pressure so thick wall is not needed semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood wall can contract to keep blood flowing

Question 35

capillary

Answer 35

blood vessel responsible for transport of substances by diffusion or active transport

Question 36

Describe a capillary

Answer 36

wall is one cell thick

Question 37

What is the function of a capillary?

Answer 37

short distance for diffusion

Question 38

hepatic artery

Answer 38

supplies liver with oxygenated blood

Question 39

hepatic portal vein

Answer 39

carries blood from intestines to liver, high in glucose

Question 40

hepatic vein

Answer 40

vein carries blood away from liver back to heart

Question 41

pulmonary artery

Answer 41

takes deoxygenated blood from heart, specifically right ventricle to lungs

Question 42

pulmonary vein

Answer 42

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart, specifically left atrium

Question 43

renal arteries

Answer 43

supply blood to kidneys

Question 44

renal veins

Answer 44

take blood away from kidneys

Question 45

vena cava

Answer 45

vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to heart from body

Question 46

What are the ventricles?

Answer 46

lower chambers of heart that receive blood from atria and pump blood out of heart into arteries at high pressure

Question 47

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

Answer 47

because it pumps blood at higher pressures so it can travel to the whole body

Question 48

Where does left ventricle side of heart pump blood to?

Answer 48

body

Question 49

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?

Answer 49

lungs

Question 50

What is the heart made of?

Answer 50

cardiac muscle

Question 51

What is the role of the tricuspid valves?

Answer 51

prevent backflow between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 52

What is the role of the semi lunar valves?

Answer 52

prevent backflow

Question 53

What is the role of bicuspid valve?

Answer 53

prevent backflow between left atrium and left ventricle