Coordination and Control Flashcards
1
Q
What are all living organisms able to do?
A
- respond to change
- make coordinated response
2
Q
What does coordinated mean?
A
body able to make things happen in different parts of body at right time
3
Q
What are the two organ systems that humans have?
A
endocrine
nervous
4
Q
What is the endocrine system?
A
hormones
5
Q
How do humans make coordinated responses?
A
endocrine and nervous systems
6
Q
How do plants make coordinated responses?
A
plant growth substances
7
Q
What are the three things that are required for a coordinated reponse?
A
stimulus
receptor
effector
8
Q
What is a stimulus?
A
change in surroundings
9
Q
What is a receptor?
A
organ that detects change in surroundings
10
Q
What is an effector?
A
muscles that contract to make a coordinated response
11
Q
How are the stimulus and coordinated response linked?
A
endocrine system
12
Q
How do receptors work?
A
detect change then change energy into nerve impulses
13
Q
What do receptors use?
A
energy conversion
14
Q
What is the central nervous sytem?
A
brain and spinal chord
15
Q
What responses does the central nervous system coordinate?
A
movement and reflexes
16
Q
What is the peripheral nervous system?
A
contains all other nerves
17
Q
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
A
sends impulses to effectors
18
Q
What are nerve cells called?
A
neurones
19
Q
What are neurones?
A
nerve cells
20
Q
What are the three types of neurones?
A
sensory neurones
relay neurones
motor neurones
21
Q
What is the role of sensory neurones?
A
carry impulses from receptors to central nervous system
22
Q
Which neurone carries impulses from receptors to central nervous system?
A
sensory neurones
23
Q
Which neurones act immediately after the stimulus is received?
A
sensory neurones
24
Q
What is the role of the relay neurones?
A
connect the receptor to the effector via the central nervous sytem
25
Which neurones connect the receptor to the effector?
relay neurones
26
What is the role of the motor neruones?
pass electrical impulse to effectors from central nervous system
27
Which neurones pass the electrical impulse from the central nervous system to the effectors?
motor neurones
28
What is the order of the relay neurones?
1. sensory
2. relay
3. motor
29
What does the body use to send messages to respond to the environement?
electrical impulses
30
What does the body use electrical impulses for?
sending messages around the body to respond to the environment
31
What is a nucleus?
Contains genetic information of cell
32
What is a dendrite?
Tree like projections which connect to different neurones
33
What is a cell body?
main section of cell
34
Where is the nucleus found in a neurone cell?
cell body
35
What is an axon?
long section of neurone cell that allows electrical impulses to travel long distances
36
What is myelin sheath?
surrounds axon
37
What is the role of the myelin sheath?
insulates axon to speed up transmission of impulse
38
What are reflexes?
automated actions that do not involve the brain
39
What is the speed of reflexes like?
very fast
40
Which neurones are involved in reflexes?
sensory, relay and motor
41
What does a reflex not include?
central nervous system
42
What is a reflex arc?
movement from receptor to effector
43
What is the movement from receptor to effector called?
reflex arc
44
What is the gap between neurones called?
synapse
45
What are synapses?
gaps between neurones
46
Do neurones ever touch?
no they do not - they have synapses
47
What travels along the axon?
electrical impulses
48
What does the electrical impulse travelling along the axon trigger?
nerve ending of neurone releases chemical messengers
49
What causes chemical messengers to be released?
electrical impulse travelling along the axon
50
What are chemical messengers released from the nerve endings called?
neurotransmitters
51
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
nerve endings of neurones
52
How do neurotransmitters move?
diffuse
53
What do neurotransmitters bind with?
bind with receptor molecules of the next neurone
54
How are neurotransmitters specific?
binding only occurs between specific chemical messengers from the first and second chemical messnegers
55
What stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse?
binding of neurotransmitters in the synapse
56
What does the binding of neurotransmitters stimulate?
electrical impulse
57
Give an example of a sensory organ
the eye
58
What is the eye an example of?
sensory organ
59
What makes the eye a sensory organ?
detects light and sends impulse to the brain
60
What is the cornea?
curved transparent disc at the front of the eye
61
Where is the cornea located?
front of the eye
62
What shape is the cornea?
curved transparent disc
63
What is the role of the cornea?
focusing of eye
64
What is the pupil?
circular opening in the eye
65
What controls the size of the pupil?
iris
66
What does the iris control?
size of pupil
67
What is the iris?
ring of muscles with pupil in the middle
68
What is controlled by the iris?
amount of light entering the eye
69
What is the lens like?
soft, flexible and transparent
70
What changes the shape of the lens?
ciliary muscles
71
What does the lens focus the light on to?
retina
72
What are the ciliary muscles?
ring of muscles at the edge of the eye which circle the lens
73
What happens when the ciliary muscles contract?
lens gets fatter
74
What happens when the ciliary muscles relax?
lens gets thinner
75
What are suspensory ligaments?
strong fibres which attach the lens to the ciliary muscles
76
What attaches the lens to the ciliary muscles?
suspensory ligaments
77
What is the retina?
contains light sensitive cells
78
What are the light sensitive cells?
rods and cones
79
What are rods?
light sensitive cells that detect light intensity
80
What are cones?
light sensitive cells that detect colours
81
What is the optic nerve?
consists of neurones that carry electrical impulses from retina to brain
82
What sends electrical impulses from the retina to the brain?
optic nerve
83
What is the fovea?
region of retina with greatest number of cones
84
Which area has the greatest number of cones?
fovea
85
What is the cojunctiva?
mucous membrane that covers eye to prevent infection
86
What protects the eye from infection?
conjunctiva
87
What is the iris reflex?
iris responding to light intensity in surroundings by changing size of pupil
88
What happens to radial muscles in dim light?
radial muscles contract in dim light
89
What happens to circular muscles in dim light?
circular muscles relax in dim light
90
What happens to the iris in dim light?
iris narrows in dim light
91
What happens to the pupil in dim light?
pupil dilates in dim light
92
What happens to the radial muscles in bright light?
radial muscles relax in bright light
93
What happens to circular muscles in bright light?
circular muscles contract in bright light
94
What happens to the iris in bright light?
iris widens in bright light
95
What happens to the pupil in bright light?
pupil constricts in bright light
96
What is the stimulus for the iris reflex?
light intensity
97
What are the effectors for the iris reflex?
muscles of the iris
98
What are the muscles of the iris?
radial muscles and circular muscles
99
What is accommodation?
changes that take place in eye that allow objects at different distances to be seen
100
What are the light rays like when looking at a distant object?
almost parallel
101
When are the light rays almost parallel when reaching the cornea?
looking at a distant object
102
What are the light rays like when looking at a close object?
spreading out and diverging
103
When are the light rays spreading out and diverging when reaching the cornea?
looking at a close object
104
What must the eye do to deal with light rays from a far away object?
not much - almost parallel rays
105
What must the eye do to deal with light rays from a close object?
refract the light - ensure it focusses on the retina
106
What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at a far away object?
ciliary muscles relax when looking at a far away object
107
When do ciliary muscles relax?
when looking at a far away object
108
What happens to the suspensory ligaments when looking at a far away object?
suspensory ligaments tighten when looking at a far away object
109
When do the suspensory ligaments tighten?
when looking at a far away object
110
What happens to the lens when looking at a far away object?
lens is pulled thin when looking at a far away object
111
When is the lens pulled thin?
when looking at a far away object
112
What happens to the shape of the lens when looking at a far away object?
less convex when looking at a far away object
113
When is the lens less convex in shape?
looking at a far away object
114
What is the refraction of the light like when looking at a far away object?
less refraction
115
What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at a close object?
contract when looking at a close object
116
When are ciliary muscles contracted?
when looking at a close object
117
What happens to the suspensory ligaments when looking at a close object?
slacken when looking at a close object
118
When are the suspensory ligaments slack?
when looking at a close object
119
What happens to the lens when looking at a close object?
lens is thick when looking at a close object
120
When is the lens thick?
when looking at a close object
121
What happens to the shape of the lens when looking at a close object?
more convex shape when looking at a close object
122
When is the shape of the lens more convex in shape?
when looking at a close object
123
What is the refraction like when looking at a close object?
more refraction
124
What is the sclera?
tough outer core of eye
125
What is the role of the sclera?
protect the eye and hold it in place
126
What does the endocrine system use?
proteins called hormones
127
How do hormones act?
released from gland into blood stream to target specific cells in the body
128
What is the speed of action by the endocrine system?
slow (except adrenaline)
129
What is the speed of action by the nervous system?
fast
130
What type of message is used in the edocrine system?
chemical messages
131
What type of message is used in the nervous system?
electrical impulse
132
What method of sending is used in the endocrine system?
via blood - dissolved in plasma
133
What method of sending is used in the nervous system?
along neurones
134
What is the response to the message sent by the endocrine system?
only target cells respond to the message but sent all over body
135
What is the response to the message sent by the nervous system?
sent directly to target muscle or gland
136
What is the role of the endocrine system?
controls long term processes
137
What long term processes are controlled by the endocrine system?
reproduction and growth
138
What is the role of the nervous system?
used when a fast response is needed
139
How do I remember the glands that release hormones?
BRING
THE
ACTION
POUR
TOTALLY
OVER
140
What are the glands that release hormones?
brain
thyroid
adrenal
pancreas
testis
ovaries
141
Which gland releases insulin?
pancreas
142
What is the function of insulin?
causes liver and muscles to take up glucose to convert it into glycogen
143
What effect does insulin have blood glucose levels?
insulin reduces blood glucose levels
144
Which gland releases ADH?
pituitary gland
145
What is the function of ADH?
reduces water lost in urine
146
Which gland releases oestrogen?
ovaries
147
What is the function of oestrogen?
thickens uterus lining
secondary female characteristics
148
Which gland releases progesterone?
ovaries
149
What is the function of progesterone?
maintains uterus lining
secondary female characteristics
150
Which gland releases testosterone?
testis
151
What is the function of testosterone?
stimulates development of secondary male characteristics
152
Which gland releases adrenaline?
adrenal gland
153
What is the function of adrenaline?
increases heart beat and breathing rate for fight or flight
154
Which gland releases FSH?
pituitary gland
155
Which gland releases LH?
pituitary gland
156
What is the function of FSH?
stimulates egg to mature
157
What is the function of LH?
stimulates release of egg for ovulation
158
Define homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal environment
159
What hormone increases blood glucose level?
glucagon
160
What is the function of glucagon?
increase blood glucose level
161
What does homeostasis respond to?
negative feedback
162
Why must body temperature be measured and controlled?
enzymes optimum temperature or denatured
163
Why must water levels be measured and controlled?
lysed or shrivelled cells
164
Why must glucose levels be measured and controlled?
respiration
165
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
monitors the blood temperature
166
How is blood temperature controlled?
sweating
shivering
blood flowing by skin surface
167
Explain how hair standing on end means less heat is lost
hair traps layer of air - acts as an insulator
168
Explain how less sweat released means less heat is lost
less heat lost via evaporation
169
When does vasoconstriction occur?
too cold
170
When does vasodilation occur?
too hot
171
What happens to arterioles near skin surface when body is too cold?
constrict - less blood flows
172
How does vasoconstriction mean less heat is lost?
less blood flowing - less heat lost by radiation
173
Explain how hair lying flat means more heat is lost
insulating layer of air is not formed
174
Explain how sweat being release means more heat is lost
heat energy taken away from body via evaporation
175
What happens to sweat?
evaporates from skin surface
176
What happens to arterioles near skin surface when body is too hot?
arterioles dilate - more blood flows
177
How does vasodilation mean more heat is lost?
more blood flows - more heat lost by radiation
178
Define osmoregulation
maintaining water levels within body
179
How can water levels be changed?
permeability of collecting duct in nephron
180
What monitors water levels in blood?
hypothalamus
181
What effect does ADH have on the collecting duct?
increases permeability
182
How does the collecting duct increased permeability effect water content in urine?
decreases water content
183
What stimuli do plants respond to?
light and gravity
184
What is phototropism?
growth responses to light in one direction
185
What is geotropism?
growth responses to gravity in one direction
186
What is the plant growth substance that controls response to tropisms?
auxins
187
What are auxins?
plant growth substances that control responses to tropisms
188
How do shoots respond to phototropism?
positive phototropism
189
Where does negative phototropism occur?
roots
190
Where does positive geotropism occur?
roots
191
How do shoots respond to geotropism?
negative geotropism
192
How do auxins promote growth in a direction?
1. auxins build up one side
2. elongate/grow more
3. bends in direction
193
Define hormone
chemical messenger that moves from gland to target organ via bloodstream
