Nutrition and Intensive Care- Week 2 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are the stages of critical illness?
- Primary Insult (burns, acute pancreatitis, trauma, etc)
- Hypermetabolic inflammatory catabolic state (hyper-metabolism anorexia, catabolism, neuroendocrine/cytokine mediated)
- Sepsis —— leads to either recovery or death
There are two responses to critical illness: simple fasting and severe stress. What is the pathway for simple fasting in response to critical illness?
Simple Fasting —— glycogen and protein mobilized to provide glucose —— ketogenesis and ketosis increases and glucose needs fall —– metabolic rate slows —– energy needs fall —– protein and energy conservation
What is the pathway for severe stress in response to critical illness?
Severe Stress —– glycogen and protein mobilized for glucose and acute phase reactants —— less or no ketogenesis and ketosis: gluconeogenesis from protein remains high —- metabolic rate rises —–energy needs increase —-accelerated protein and energy depletion
In the hyper-metabolic, inflammatory catabolic state the physiological responses increases, in the systemic, skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. What are the specific increase in changes systemically?
- metabolic rate
- Body temp
- Water retention
- Cardiac output
- Blood volume
- Tissue perfusion
- Free radical production
- Nitric oxide production
What are the specific increase in changes in the skeletal muscle?
- Net proteolysis
2. Amino acid oxidation
What are the specific increase in changes in the liver?
- Amin acid oxidation/N. excretion
- Acute phase protein synthesis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Cori cycle
What are the specific increase in changes in the adipose tissue?
- Lipolysis/TG turnover
What are the specific decreases in changes that happens in the hyper-metabolic inflammatory state
- Plasma Albumin
2. Plasma IGF-1
What is the order of the hypermetabolic inflammatory catabolic state?
Insult ——- SIRS/hyper-inflammation (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome) —— sepsis —— severe sepsis and multi organ failure —– septic shock
In addition to the SIRS pathway for sepsis what is another pathway in the hypermetabolic inflammatory state that will lead to sepsis?
CARS, immuno-suppression
- -compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
- -pathway to sepsis stays the same as in the SIRS pathway
- -associated with increased mortality risk
In the SIRS septic shock pathway there are symptoms within the pathway. Identify the symptoms for SIRS, Sepsis, multi organ failure, and septic shock
SIRS: 2 or more of —- temperature greater than or equal to 38C or less than or equal to 36C ; Heart rate greater than or equal to 90bpm ; respiratory rate greater than or equal to 20/min ; and Leukocytes greater than or equal to 12000mL or less than or equal to 4000ml
Sepsis: SIRS with assumed or certain infection
Multi Organ Failure: sepsis with greater than or equal to 1 organ failure
Septic Shock: metabolic acidosis and refractory hypertension
Finally in the SIRS septic shock pathway what is the mortality risk associated with each step?
- SIRS: 10%
- Sepsis: 20%
- Multi Organ Failure: 20-40%
- Septic Shock: 40-80%
There is a neuro endocrine-cytokine response to stress. What is the response of the hyporthalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex in this response system?
Hypothalamus: stimulation of SNS acting on the cardio/pulm system, GIT, adrenal medulla, pancreas, and kidney
Pituitary/Adrenal Cortex: Increased Catabolic hormones: adrenalin glucagon, cortisol, GH
–these responses lead to reduced anabolic hormones and insulin resistance: reduced IGF-1 and T3
Within the neuro endocrine-cytokine response to stress there are local reactions (mediator release, recruitment of cells and wound healing), what immuno cytokines do these local reactions produce?
Pro-Inflammatory Mediators: TNFalpha, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, NO and ROS
–these lead to SIRS (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
What is the neuroendocrine response that leads to SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)?
Increased catabolic hormone
Reduced Anabolic hormones
Critical illness is an unstable state with failed _______, increased ____ ______, and tissue ______
Failed Homeostasis
Increased energy expenditure
Tissue Catabolism
What are potential outcomes of critical illness?
Sepsis and death
Hyper-inflammation SIRS or immuno suppression CARs, can occur mediated by what?
Neuro endocrine-cytokine response to stress
The intestinal barrier normal function is critical for what?
Survival in critical illness
What microorganisms play a critical role in preventing pathogenic bacteria binding to the intestinal barrier and causing illness?
- Aerobic Micro-organisms
2. Anaerobic Micro-organisms
The gut is the largest immunological system in the body. What are the local and systemic immunological responses in the body?
Local: 1. Gut-associated lymphoid tissues 2. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes 3. Submucosal Aggregates 4. Peyer's Pathches 5. Mesenteric lymph nodes 6. Secretory IgA Systemic: 1. Circulatory lymphocytes 2. Hepatic Kupffer cells
What are mechanical aspects of the gut which allow for the intestinal barrier to stay functional?
- Healthy enterocyte
- Tight junction
- Cell turnover
- Normal Motility
What are the chemical aspects of the gut which allow for the intestinal barrier to stay functional?
- Gastric acidity
- Salivary lysozyme
- Lactoferrin
- Mucus Secretion
- Bile Salts
If these barriers to the intestine fails then the barrier is compromised and can mediate systemic inflammatory responses. What are some of these responses?
- Release of cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, TNF, PAF, etc
- Multiple organ dysfunction and failure
- Activation of complement system: C3A,C3B,C3C,C3D
- Decreased splanchnic blood flow
- Catabolic hormones catecholamines
- Acute phase proteins
- Release of arachidonic acid metabolites pGE2, thromboxane, and leukotrienes
