OCTA 231 (Pediatrics Exam 1) Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
period of development from conception to the moment at which the neonate can survive on its own without placental nutrients
A
Gestation and birth
2
Q
period of development from birth to 18 mths
A
Infancy
3
Q
period of development from 18 mths through 5 yrs
A
Early Childhood
4
Q
period of development from 6 yrs until the onset of puberty (12 girls, 14 boys)
A
Middle Childhood
5
Q
period of development from puberty until the onset of adulthood (21 yrs)
A
Adolescence
6
Q
What are the general principles of development?
A
- Development is sequential & predictable
- Combination of: CNS Maturation,environment, movement and engagement in activities, and experience affect development
- Development involves changes in the biologic, physiological, and social systems
- Development occurs in two directions: horizontal & vertical
- Development progresses in order in 3 basic sequences. 1. Cephalad to Caudal(Top to Bottom) 2. Proximal to Distal 3. Gross to Fine Motor skills
7
Q
skills involved in moving and interacting with objects or the environment and include posture, mobility, coordination, strength, effort, and energy.
A
Motor Skills
8
Q
automatic responses to stimuli that helps the newborn adapt to the environment
A
Primitive reflexes
9
Q
a reflex that allows the baby to open the mouth and turn head in the direction of touch
A
Rooting reflex
10
Q
a reflex that allows the baby to close mouth, suck, and swallow
A
Sucking/swallowing reflex
11
Q
a reflex that allows the baby’s arms to extend and hands; then the arms flex and hands close; infant usually cries (responding to loss of support)
A
Moro’s reflex
12
Q
a reflex that allows the baby’s fingers to flex
A
Palmar grasp
13
Q
a reflex that allows the baby’s toes to grasp (flexion)
A
Plantar grasp
14
Q
a reflex that allows the baby’s arm and leg on face side extend; arm and leg on skull side to flex (or experience increased flexor tone)
A
ATNR (Asymmetric tonic neck reflex)
15
Q
postural responses to changes of head and body positions, brings the head and trunk back into upright position (movements called- extension, flexion, abduction,etc)
A
Righting reactions
16
Q
automatic response to external changes. Requires corrective action of body(compensatory movements)that keep the body upright and vertical against gravity. (rotational and diagonal ).
A
Equilibrium reactions
17
Q
postural reactions that are used to stop a fall or to prevent injury when equilibrium reactions fail to do so
A
Protective extension responses
18
Q
What two types of movements start at 6 mths and continues throughout life?
A
Righting reactions
Protective extension responses
19
Q
Skills that require body movement which involve the large(core stabilizing) muscles of the body to perform everyday functions
A
Gross Motor Skills
20
Q
Examples of gross motor skills:
A
Standing Walking Running Sitting upright Eye hand coordination (throwing, catching, kicking)
21
Q
Newborn Gross Motor:
A
- Flexion in all positions
- Prone/supine “top heavy”
Able to scrap face across mat to clear airway - Neck righting
- MORO
- Gross movements
- See grasp, suck/swallow, startle & rooting reflexes
22
Q
1 Month Gross Motor:
A
- Extensor muscles begin to become facilitated
- Reduction of flexion
- Clearance of face from mat surface
- Elongated (stretched out)
- UE still adducted, flexed but less retracted
- Decrease in primitive reflexes (sucking, rooting, grasp)
23
Q
2 Months Gross Motor:
A
- Lower muscle tone (flexion decrease/extension increase)
- Weight shifted to middle abdomen
- With pull to sit see infant attempt to help
- Elicitation of ATNR
- Beginning of eye hand movement
- Lifts head in prone to 45 degree angle (weight bearing)
- Elbows coming just behind shoulders, out from adduction and less flexed
- More Time In Supine
24
Q
3 Months Gross Motor:
A
- Less ATNR
- Much more symmetrical in supine
- Arms comes to midline (mouth, abdomen)
- Arms taking more weight in prone
- Head up at 60-90 degree
- Weight in prone moving into pelvis area
25
4 Months Gross Motor:
* Neck flexors and extensors are coming in
* Neck elongation with beginning chin tuck
* Lots of hand to hand play in supine
* Lots of mouthing in supine of toy
* Hip flexion so getting to elongation of back extensors & more of a pelvic tilt
* In pull to sit baby hold head in alignment and assists
* Not able to sit independently
26
5 Months Gross Motor:
* Lateral weight shift
* Equilibrium reactions in prone
* Extended weight bearing; reach on elbows
* Asymmetry in side lying
* Rolling prone to supine
* Anterior tilt
* May sit leaning forward at hips
27
6 Months Gross Motor:
* Good head control in all positions
* UE protective extension
* Roll supine to prone initiated with flexion
* Independently sitting LE's positional stability
* Bears weight on LE's in standing
* Discover they have thumbs
* Rake and get Spoon Grasp
28
7 Months Gross Motor:
* Equilibrium-prone to supine starting to sit
* Increased trunk control
* Prone-preferred position pivot, belly crawl
* Prone to 4 point or on hands/feet rocking
* 4 point sit
* Trunk rotation in sitting
* May pull to standing using UE's
29
8 Months Gross Motor:
* Equilibrium reax in sitting; starting 4 point
* Good sideways protective extension
* Sitting most functional position
* More hip adduction and knee extension
* Kneeling and kneel to stand
* Relies more on lower extremities to stand
* Cruises sideways- abduction & adduction LE
* Stoppage gait when walking with hands held
30
9 Months Gross Motor:
* Use trunk control in sitting to develop finer hand manipulation skills
* Backwards protective extension
* Various LE positions (W sitting)
* Kneel with act hip extension
* Knee; to stand through half kneel
* Cruises semiturned
* Cannot lower self to floor
31
10 Months Gross Motor:
* May see more primitive gross motor skills/sitting to allow for finer manipulation
* Unilateral activity (mirroring-imitation)
* Increased kneeling, half kneeling, cruising in direction going
* Lowers self from standing
* Better gait pattern with support: more primitive gait when support is reduced
* Getting Superior Pinch
32
11 Months Gross Motor:
* Various sitting positions
* Uses trunk rotation well
* Lots of movement transitions
* Play in half kneeling
* Stands through active LE extension (kneel to half kneel to squat to stand)
* Lowers self asymmetrically
* When cruising, reaches for furniture
* May stand alone,: high guard position, may fall
33
12 Months Gross Motor:
Righting and equilibrium reflex
well integrated in all positions except standing
* Rising using LE's
* Weight shift while standing
* Moves quickly during initial walking
* As trunk control increases no longer need scapular retraction
* Arms hang at side and eventually swing
34
2 years Gross Motor:
* Refinement in walking
* Walks sideways and backwards
* Lots of motor planning, uneven surfaces
* Gets up to stand from middle of floor
* Increased hip stability- squatting in play, stoops and recovers, kicking
35
development of anti-gravity movement
Mobility
36
development of muscle contraction at proximal joints
Stability
37
Newborn Fine Motor:
* Lots of physiological flexion
* UE adducted and flexed with fisting of hands
* Grasp reflex is predominate
* Moves both arms randomly and in total flexion or extension
* Beginning to look at things
38
1 Month Fine Motor:
* Moving arms in/out of flexion
* Thumbs in/out of palms
* Hands fisted at rest
* Involuntary grasp and release
* No attempt to reach
* Regards adult face
39
2 Months Fine Motor
* See emergence of ATNR, increased asymmetry of UE
* Eyes make visual contact with one hand which is extended on the face side
* Less flexion and more abduction and external rotation in supine
* Overall still alot of flexion
* Prone-no-neck, elbows behind shoulders, weight on forearms and ulna side of hands
40
3 Months Fine Motor:
* Most interaction with the environment is via visual inspection
* Infant use grasp reflex to grasp
* If released it is random and caused by movement of arms not intent
41
3-4 Months Fine Motor:
* Increases midline orientation of head
* Less physiological flexion, Increase extension
* Hands coming together over belly
* Fingers loosely flexed
* Grasp reflex dropping out
* Elbows moving under shoulders in prone, weight on forearms, hands loosely fisted, increased head control in prone
42
4 Months Fine Motor:
* Prone desirable play position
* good head control in midline in prone
* Elbows under shoulders with increased weight on elbows not forearms
* Flex to get hand to mouth in prone (Toy)
* Hands open with weight on palms of hands
* In supine see lots of hand to hand play, hand to mouth play and visual inspection of hands
43
5 Months Fine Motor:
* Lots of prone play on flexed & extended UE
* Can grasp toys & get to mouth when on elbows
* May reach for toy and manipulation on extended elbows
*
44
5 Months Fine Motor (Supine):
* With the increase in neck & scapular stability get increase elbow stability
* See weight on wrist & radial palmar sides of hands in prone
* Elbows forward of shoulders
45
5 Months Fine Motor (Prone):
* Lots of symmetry
* Lots of hand to mouth play & toys in mouth
* Lots of hand to knee play & maybe feet play
* Lots of elbow extension
* Grasping & beginning transfer by pulling object out of holding hand into other hand
* Using a palmar and ulnar grasp
46
6 Months Fine Motor (Supine/Prone):
* Still play in prone & be up on elbows & fully extended arms with weight on palms & radial side of hand
* Can get toys & transfer but moving out of prone into sit to be more functional with play
* Not spending alot of time playing in supine
* In supine with the beginning of transferring you have emerging bilateral integration skills
47
6 Months Fine Motor (Sit):
* Better independent sitter so better position to play with more mature hand skills
* Early sitter hand skills decline to more immature patterns at first
* Better in sit see improved hand skills
* Using more of a radial palmar grasp
* Transfer starting w/o pull but placement into other hand
48
7 Months Fine Motor:
* Play in various positions (sit, sidelying, prone)
* Using radial digital grasp
* Thumb coming from adducted to abducted to opposed position
* See beginning of controlled release (does not need to wipe, throw, or pull to get object out of hand)
49
8 Months Fine Motor:
* Transitional movements and plays in alot of different positions
* Increased rotation, diagonal movements, weight shifting which leads to increasing disassociation of movements, joints, fingers, extremities from one another
* Begin to preposition fingers to grasp medium size object
* Uses radial digital & sometimes inferior
* With small objects still rakes to obtain
50
8-9 Months Fine Motor:
* See more prepositioning of fingers to grasp (adjusts to object size)
* Radial digital grasp with wrist extended
* Lots of releasing of objects
51
9-11 Months Fine Motor:
* See more opposition of thumb & more use of inferior pincer grasp
* See more refinement of release with slight wrist extension & rotation of forearm (raisin in jar)
* Decrease use of ulnar fingers
* Poking with index finger
* Bilateral integration skill
52
12 Months Fine Motor:
* Emerging superior pincer grasp
* Use of supination with forearm
* Use of wrist extension
* Can release objects with control of shoulder, elbow and wrist
* Works on releasing skills (stacking blocks)
53
12 Months Fine Motor:
* Infant has sufficient fine motor control to combine objects and explore their functional use
54
12-15 Months Fine Motor:
* Demonstrates increasing control of intrinsic muscles so can now pick up & hold precisely flat objects
* More refinement of bilateral skills
55
17-18 Months Fine Motor:
* Starts to use one hand to stabilize while other manipulates- NOT handedness yet
56
18 Months- 3 years
* Child develops use of disk, cylinder, spherical, lateral grasps
* Increasing control with power grasp
* Increasing control with release to enable ball throwing
* Increasing use of simultaneous manipulation by both hands
57
Newborn Oral Motor:
* Large tongue fills oral cavity
* Fat pads
* Suck-swallow reflex- lips are touched & infant opens mouth & starts to suck
* Rooting reflex- stroke cheek & infant turns head towards stimulus
* Gag reflex- strong in first 3 mths
* Phasic bite reflex- S gums & infant makes up/down movements with jaw
58
1 Month Oral Motor:
* Still have physiological flexion (helps strengthen suck)
* Still have sucking, rooting & gag reflex
* Tongue does not protrude through gums anymore
* Mouth & tongue function as a unit
* Nose breather
* still use suck reflex with bottle
59
Two Months Oral Motor:
* Rooting dropping out so you see infant voluntarily open mouth for bottle upon visual S
* With increased controlled flexion and chin tuck you see suckling look better
60
4 Months Oral Motor:
* Increase hands to mouth & toys to mouth you see decrease in gag reflex
* See increase jaw stability so now pattern of suckling returns returns to suck with only movement of tongue (up/down tongue movement)
* With better sucking skills often see collapse of nipple
* Begins coo
* Hands to mouth also facilitate increased jaw stability
61
5 Months Oral Motor:
* With improved flexion & extension & head control see improved jaw stability
* Spoon Spoon feeding starts & infant opens mouth for spoon but does not grade mouth movements nor clear lips
* Uses suck pattern to clear
* Phasic bite gone
62
6 Months Oral Motor:
* Increased oral play see tongue start to lateralize
* Lips coming in for spoon & cup but then resorts to biting
* Cheeks becoming more active drawing inward
* Lots of teething
* Increase drooling
63
7-9 Months Oral Motor:
* Tongue laterally shifting
* Jaw begins to laterally shift
* Diagonal jaw movement when eating
* Upper lip clears spoon
* Beginning munching
* Cup drinking (one sip at a time, lose lot from corners)
64
10-12 Months Oral Motor:
* Licks food off lower lip
* Rotary chewing (moving food side to side)
* Can take 4-5 sips from a cup, don't lose a lot from corners)
65
15-18 Months Oral Motor:
* Now takes chopped foods
66
2 Years Oral Motor:
* Adult eating patterns established
* Cheeks assist with tongue in gathering food into bolus & placing on molars to chew
* Mature rotary chewing skills (up/down,
* Can eat any adult foods
* Effective cup drinker
67
3 Years Oral Motor:
* Drinking through a straw and serving self
68
Progression of Food Texture for most Children:
* Liquid
* Strained
* Junior
* Mashed/Chopped fine
* Regular
69
A reflex when the S gums and infant makes up/down movements with the jaw
Phasic bite reflex
70
Jaw movements are up/down, tongue retraction in and out (tongue shows extension- forward movement)
Munching
71
Why work/consider families
families have the most significant environmental influence on a young child's life and development
72
A code of ethics that refers to the benefit of services to consumers, which may include clients, families, and community
Beneficence
73
A code of ethics that refers to not imposing harm on clients
Nonmaleficence
74
A code of ethics that refer to the rights and privacy of clients
Autonomy
75
A code of ethics that refers to providing fair sand equitable OT services to all clients
Justice
76
A code of ethics that refer to honesty in all professional matters
Veracity
77
A code of ethics that refers to respect, fairness, discretion, and integrity
Fidelity
78
Family life cycle
Birth, Marriage, Leaving Home, Death
79
a pleasurable, self initiated activity that the child can control
Play
80
one's disposition to play
Playfulness
81
Development of walking:
crawling, creeping, kneeling, half kneel, stand, cruise
82
Child needs developmental balance of what 2 things?
Flexion and Extension is key!
83
What type of movement occurs during Righting Reactions?
Weight shifting occurs every movement requires weight shift and stimulate righting reactions to take place.
