Orthopedic/Neurosurgical

Question 1

Question 2

What is lumbar sympathectomy? What human conditions is it used for?

Answer 2

Excision of the hypogastric nerve of the lumbar sympathetic chain. Used for Raynauds, arteriosclerosis, and thromboangiitis obliterans.

Question 3

What are frequent clinical findings in patients with neuropathic pain?

Answer 3

Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia.

Question 4

Question 5

What is a theoretical operation for chronic glomerulonephritis?

Answer 5

Renal sympathectomy, especially before there is too much destruction of the renal parenchyma. Regeneration occurs in most species.

Question 6

Does total extirpation of the sympathetic chain affect life of dogs, cats, and monkeys?

Answer 6

Nope

Question 7

Question 8

Question 9

Define bregma.

Answer 9

The intersection of the coronal and sagittal skull sutures.

Question 10

Define lambda.

Answer 10

The middle of an interaural line. Intersection of sagittal and lamboidal sutures.

Question 11

What is the advantage of using bregma as the zero point?

Answer 11

Grossly visible, induces less error with different-sized heads

Question 12

Define stereotactic coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes.

Answer 12

Coronal: Cranial-caudal
Sagittal: Lateral
Horizontal: Depth

Question 13

What do dental acrylics and bone cements generate during curing?

Answer 13

Heat. Should be applied in thin laminae to avoid thermal injury.

Question 14

What do rabbits have that prevents the attachment of some types of headplates?

Answer 14

A well-developed sagittal crest.

Question 15

Describe the positioning for CSF collection in dogs.

Answer 15

Lateral recumbency with neck flexed at 90 degree angle. Line on dorsal midline joining external occipital protuberance and dorsal spine of the axis. Second line at cranial extremity of the wings of the atlas. Spinal needle parallel to mandible.

Question 16

What sign demonstrates that the dura has been entered?

Answer 16

Pop with sudden loss of resistance. Fluid appreciated in hub.

Question 17

How much CSF can be collected?

Answer 17

1 mL/5kg of body weight

Question 18

Where are catheters placed to allow chronic cisterna magna CSF sampling?

Answer 18

Percutaneously inserted into subdural space in L4-L7 and pushed cranially into cisterna magna.

Question 19

What is the positioning for collection of CSF in NHPs?

Answer 19

Smaller: Restrained seated or upright
Macaques: Ventral recumbency
Larger NHPs: L4-L5 or L5-L6.

Question 20

How much CSF can be collected from mice? Rats?

Answer 20

7-8 uL in mouse
50-150 uL in rat

Question 21

What is a common complication of lumbar CSF taps in rats?

Answer 21

Blood contamination of the sample