Osteology

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues in the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial, Muscle, Neural, Connective tissues

Question 2

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 2

Osteoblast- form bone
Osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast- remodel bone

Question 3

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 3

An amorphous mixture consisting of a ground substance, protein fibers, and various mineral

Question 4

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 4

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 5

What is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 5

Collagen Type I

Question 6

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 6

Hydroxyapatite

Question 7

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 7

Living tissue will respond to stressors, bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

Question 8

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 8

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

Question 9

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 9

Mesenchyme and/or Cartilage

Question 10

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 10

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 11

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 11

From the second to third month in utero

Question 12

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 12

The skull

Question 13

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 13

The clavicle

Question 14

What is the name given for the patter of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 14

Endochondral Ossification

Question 15

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 15

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 16

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 16

Chondrocranium

Question 17

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 17

Primary centers of ossification appear before birth

Secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 18

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 18

Sexual Dimorphism (gender variation)
Ontogenetic Variation (growth/age variation)
Geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation)
Idiosyncratic Variation (Individual Variation)

Question 19

What is osteology?

Answer 19

The study of bone

Question 20

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 20

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Question 21

what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bones?

Answer 21

Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, hyaluronic acid

Question 22

What the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 22

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 23

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 23

Sodium, magnesium, flouride, lead, strontium, and radium

Question 24

Which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossifications?

Answer 24

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 25

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

Answer 25

The inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and remainder of mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

Question 26

Which skull one are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 26

The mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

Question 27

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 27

The clavicle

Question 28

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 28

Cortical and compact and spongy, cancellous or trabecular

Question 29

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 29

Subchondral bone

Question 30

What is the name of the outer fibrocellular covering of bone?

Answer 30

Periosteum

Question 31

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 31

The endosteum

Question 32

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 32

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 33

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 33

Ontogenetic Variation

Question 34

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 34

Geographic variation or population based variation

Question 35

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 35

Idiosyncratic Variation