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PP Clues > Our Clues 9 > Flashcards

Our Clues 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cause of loose or spasmodic stools

A

Osmotic diarrhea
Inflammatory

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2
Q

Dx of male child with recurrent infections, no mature B cells

A

Bruton disease
= X-linked agammaglobulinemia

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3
Q

Cell-mediated immunity
- protects what?
- cell type?
- stimulates what cell type?
- kills what?

A

Patrols your tissue
T cells
Macrophages
Kills everything except bacteria (= virus, fungi, parasite)

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4
Q

Dx of self-mutilation and always running De Novo pathway

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- complete HGPRT deficiency
- severe gout

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5
Q

MOA:
Allopurinol
Febuxostat

A

Blocks xanthine oxidase

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6
Q

Gout treatments
- Acute, most effective
- Acute, drug of choice
- w/ renal failure
- chronic or recurrent
- to break up crystals

A

Acute, most effective = colchicine
Acute, DOC = indomethacin

In renal failure = steroids

Chronic or recurrent gout = allopurinol, febuxostate, probenecid

To break up crystals = rasburicase

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7
Q

Pro-sequence guides proteins where?

A

Golgi

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8
Q

What is the most common leukemia?

A

ALL

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9
Q

List sympathetic effects

A

Incr HR
Incr BP
Incr contractility
Incr EF
Incr SV
Vasoconstriction
Pupils dilation

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10
Q

Short amino acid sequences guides proteins where?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Dx of splinter hemorrhages in fingernails

A

Infective endocarditis
- acute = staph aureus
- subacute = strep viridans

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12
Q

Name the enzyme that is most active at 8PM

A

HMG CoA Reductase

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13
Q

What electrolyte drives the concentration gradient?

A

Sodium
(Biggest gradient)

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14
Q

Short amino acid sequences are added where?

A

rER

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15
Q

What drugs are strong acids and need to be taken on empty stomach?

A

Tetracyclines
Quinolones

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16
Q

Gray baby syndrome drug

A

Chloramphenicol

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17
Q

Dx of strawberry tongue (2)

A

Scarlet fever
- w/ sandpaper rash

Kawasaki disease
- w/ lymphadenopathy & high fever for 5 days

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18
Q

What is the 2nd messenger of all hypothalamic hormones?

Except?

A

IP3/DAG

(Except CRH, which is cAMP)

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19
Q

What are the 6 actions of TCAs?

A

1) Blocks reputable of catecholamines
2) strongly anticholinergic
3) blocks alpha-1 receptors
4) blocks Na channels in the ventricle
5) blocks AV conduction
6) antihistaminic

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20
Q

When do fibroblasts arrive at the site of inflammation?

A

Show up at 7 days
Peak at 1 month
Take 6 months to complete fibrosis

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21
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

Study These Flashcards
A

“SAD PUCKER”
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (2nd-4th parts)

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidney
Esophagus
Rectum

22
Q

4 syndromes associated with chromosome 22

Study These Flashcards
A

DiGeorge syndrome
CML (t 9;22)
Neurofibromatosis (t 17;22)
Ewing sarcoma (t 11;22)

23
Q

Endothelin produces what? (3)

Study These Flashcards
A

Factor V
Factor VIII
vWF

24
Q

Chaperone HSP-90
guides proteins where?

Study These Flashcards
A

Golgi apparatus

25
Dx of cherry-red spots on macula
Due to central retinal artery occlusion Tay-Sach’s - ganglioside accumulation - NO hepatosplenomegaly Niemann-Pick - sphingomyelin accumulation - YES hepatosplenomegaly
26
What are the non-lactose fermenting bacteria?
“ShYPS” - Shigella - Yersinia - Proteus - Salmonella
27
What brain herniating cause pupil dilation? (Which one has no effect?)
Tonsillar & Uncal Subfalcine
28
What pump or exchange resets membrane potential?
Na/Ca exchange (Phase 4)
29
When do neutrophils arrive at the site of inflammation?
Show up at 4.5 hours Predominate 24 hours Peak at day 3
30
RA-related diseases - RA w/ leukopenia and splenomegaly - RA w/ GI ulcers - RA w/ xerostomia, xerophthalmia
- Felty’s syndrome - Behçet’s syndrome - Sjögren’s syndrome (Ro, La, SSA, SSB antibodies)
31
Dx of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications in children
Congenital toxoplasmosis
32
What is the 2nd messenger of gastrin?
Calcium
33
Dx of Achilles tendon xanthoma
Familial hypercholesterolemia (Decreased LDL receptor signaling)
34
What is the 2nd messenger of catabolic processes? Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
cAMP Sympathetic Active when phosphorylated
35
Treatment for neuropathic pain - 1st line - w/ heart failure - shooting, stabbing
- amitriptyline (TCA) - gabapentin - carbamazepine
36
What organ cannot use ketones? What cell cannot use ketones?
Liver RBCs
37
List the non-immune hemolytic anemias (4)
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency) Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Malaria
38
What are the strong chemoattractant for neutrophils?
LTB 4 and IL-8 (Minorly: C3b and C5a, but almost never the answer) C3b and C5a are for increased permeability of vessels to allow neutrophils/macrophages to go into the tissues
39
Dx of dinucleotide repeats
Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC) - mismatch repair - family hx of colon cancer w/o polyps
40
Which ARB does not cause any angioedema?
Candesartan “Candy is so sweet to not cause swelling” (ARBs end in “-sartan”)
41
Do ACE inhibitors or ARBs contain sulfur?
ACE inhibitors - avoid w/ sulfur allergies (ARBs do not contain sulfur)
42
Heart sounds: fixed S2 splitting
ASD (MCC in general: septum primum)
43
Heart sounds: S2 splitting
S2 -> aortic or pulmonary Widens when inhaling - increased O2 - increased RV volume - delayed closure of pulmonic valve Narrows when exhaling - decreased O2 - decreased RV volume - early closure of pulmonic valve
44
Cause, if increased Ca and increased phosphate Cause, if increased Ca and decreased phosphate
Vitamin D PTH
45
Increased plasma hydrolysis
I cell disease “Empty lysosome”
46
Dx of AST:ALT::1:1 Dx of AST:ALT::2:1
1:1 ratio is seen in: - liver disease - muscle disease - trauma - infection (Broad, doesn’t mean a lot) 2:1 is only seen in alcoholic hepatitis b/c only alcohol can destroy mitochondrial membrane
47
Drugs that induce Lupus
“HIPPPEE” Hydralazine INH Procainamide Penicillamine Phenytoin Ethosuximide Etanercept
48
What is the only hormone to control lipolysis & ketogenesis?
Glucagon (In DKA -> answer is STILL glucagon. There is just no insulin to shut it off)
49
Crescent formation in kidney
Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis
50
Rules for fatty acid synthesis in the body
1) Cannot synthesize beyond 16 carbons 2) Can only create double bonds at least 3 carbon apart 3) Cannot create any double bonds after C-10

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