Ovarian Cancer

Question 1

When do follicular cysts form?

Answer 1

when ovulation doesn’t occur- doesn’t rupture but grows until becomes a cyst

Question 2

What cells line follicular cysts?

Answer 2

granulosa cells

Question 3

What is the prognosis of follicular cysts?

Answer 3

resolve over a few months

Question 4

What is endometriosis?

Answer 4

endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine body

Question 5

What is the name for endometriosis cysts on the ovary?

Answer 5

chocolate cyst

Question 6

What is the pathogenesis of ovarian endometriosis?

Answer 6

regurgitation; metaplasia; vascualr/lymphatic dissemination

Question 7

What is seen macroscopically with ovarian endometriosis?

Answer 7

peritoneal spots or nodules; fibrous adhesions; chocolate cysts

Question 8

What are the complications of endometriosis?

Answer 8

pain; cyst formation; adhesions; infertility; ectopic pregnnayc; malignancy

Question 9

What malignancy is associated with endometriosis?

Answer 9

endometrioid carcinoma

Question 10

How are epithelial ovarian tumours categorised?

Answer 10

benign; borderline or malignant

Question 11

what is seen with benign epithelial ovarian tumours?

Answer 11

no cytological abnormalities; prolifertive activity or stromal invasion

Question 12

What is seen with borderline epithelial ovarian tumours?

Answer 12

cytological abnormalities, proliferative; no stromal invasion

Question 13

What classifies an epithelial ovarian tumour as malignant?

Answer 13

stromal invasion

Question 14

How is serous carcinoma classified ?

Answer 14

high grade or low grade

Question 15

What is origin of high grade serous carcinoma?

Answer 15

tubal

Question 16

What is high grade serous carcinoam known as?

Answer 16

serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma

Question 17

What else is a low grade serous carcinoma known as?

Answer 17

serous borderline tumour

Question 18

What are endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas associated with?

Answer 18

endometriosis of the ovary and lynch syndrome

Question 19

What is the normal stage of presentation with endometrioid carcinomas?

Answer 19

low grade and early stage

Question 20

What other name is lynch syndrome known as?

Answer 20

HNPCC

Question 21

What is a Brenner tumour?

Answer 21

tumour of transitional type epithelium, usually benign

Question 22

What is hte most common type of germ cell tumour?

Answer 22

dermoid cyst

Question 23

What is the prognosis with dermoid cysts?

Answer 23

rarely become malignant

Question 24

What is the most common malignant primitive germ cell tumour?

Answer 24

dysgerminoma

Question 25

Who gets dysgerminomas?

Answer 25

children and young women, average 22

Question 26

What may happen with fibromas/thecomas?

Answer 26

produce oestrogen causing uterine bleeding

Question 27

What is the grade of granulosa cell tumours?

Answer 27

all potentiall malignant

Question 28

What are the commonest mets to the ovary?

Answer 28

stomach, colon; breast; pancreas

Question 29

Waht is the name for a metastatic tumour to the ovary from the GI tract?

Answer 29

krukenberg tumour

Question 30

What is stage 1a ovarian cancer?

Answer 30

limited to one ovary

Question 31

What is Meigs syndrome most commonly caused by?

Answer 31

fibromas

Question 32

What is stage 1b ovarian cancer?

Answer 32

limited to both ovaries

Question 33

What is stage 1c ovarian cancer?

Answer 33

invovling ovarian surface/ rupture/surgical spill/tumour in washing

Question 34

What is stage 2a ovarian cancer?

Answer 34

extension of implants on uterus/fallopian tube

Question 35

what is stage 2b ovarian cancer?

Answer 35

extension to otehr pelvic intraperitoneal

Question 36

Waht is stage 3a ovarian cancer?

Answer 36

retroperitoneal lymph node mets or microscopic extrapelvic peritoneal involvement

Question 37

What is stage 3b ovarian cancer?

Answer 37

macroscopic peritoneal mets beyond pelvic upto 2cm

Question 38

What is stage 3c ovarian cancer?

Answer 38

macroscopic peritoneal mets >2cm

Question 39

Waht is stage 4 ovarian cancer?

Answer 39

distant mets

Question 40

What is the cell of origin for serous cacners?

Answer 40

fallopian tube

Question 41

What is the cell of origin for mucinous cancers?

Answer 41

cervix

Question 42

what is the cell of origin for clear cell cancers?

Answer 42

mesonephros