Overview of child health

Question 1

Child health is an important component of integrated MCH services and ensures that a child, once born, _________ satisfactorily through _________, _________, _________ and _________ period.

Answer 1

grows ; infant

pre-school ; school

adolescent

Question 2

Objectives of child health
• Promotion of optimal __________ and __________ growth and development of the young child.
• Prevention and reduction of __________/__________ in the young child.
• __________ diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Answer 2

physical ; emotional

disease ; disability

Prompt

Question 3

Services rendered by child health
1.Promotive services (_______ education including ________ education and environmental sanitation)
2. ____________ of growth and development
3. ____________
4. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
5. Identification and appropriate management of _________ conditions (vision, hearing, etc)
6. Preventive services (_______, _______ etc)
7. Curative and rehabilitative services

Answer 3

health; nutrition

Monitoring

Immunization ; handicap

ORT ; antimalarials

Question 4

Child mortality
• Child mortality i.e. death before the age of _________ accounts for approximately _____ % or more of the total mortality in most developing countries.

Answer 4

five ; 40%

Question 5

Infant mortality rate which is a measure of death within the ________ of birth, ranges from ___ to ______ per thousand in most developing countries.

Answer 5

first year

50 to 150

Question 6

IMR in Nigeria is _____/thousand live birth (NDHS 2023-24)

Answer 6

63

Question 7

NDHS??

Answer 7

National demographic health services

Question 8

Situation in Nigeria
• One in every ________ African is a Nigerian
• Contributes 2,300 U-5 deaths daily - ______ largest contributor to U5MR world-wide

Answer 8

four

2nd

Question 9

U5MR (no of children who die by the _________ ) in Nigeria: ______/1000 LB (NDHS 2023-24)

Answer 9

age of five

110

Question 10

One in every _____ Nigerian children die before age 1, one in every _____ don’t survive to age 5

Answer 10

15

8

Question 11

Childhood MRs are higher in rural than urban areas; highest in the _________

Answer 11

North West

Question 12

MDG targets: reduce U5MR to ___/1000LB and IMR to _____/1000LB by 2015

Answer 12

64

30

Question 13

MDG 4??

Answer 13

Reduce child mortality

Question 14

Sustainable Development Goals
– Goal ____ : Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.
– Target 3.2: By ________, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as ______ per 1000 live births and U-5 mortality to at least as low as ——— per 1000 life births

Answer 14

3; 2030

12; 25

Question 15

Target:

SDG GOAL:

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Answer 15

Maternal mortality
Neonatal and child mortality
Infectious diseases
NCDs

Question 16

In 2022, majority of the U5MR occurred in ________ and ________

Answer 16

Sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

Question 17

Current:

Under 5 mortality

Infant mortality

Neonatal mortality

Answer 17

110 (1 in 9)

63 (1 in 16)

41(1 in 25)

Question 18

Situation in Nigeria

Neonatal MR is ______/1000 LB

postneonatal MR is _____/1000 LB

Answer 18

41

22

Question 19

Situation in Nigeria

Causes of child death
• _________-24%
• ______-20%
• Diarrhoea16%
• Measles6%
• HIV5%
• _________ causes-26%

Answer 19

Malaria

ARI

Neonatal

Question 20

___________ is the underlying cause of 60% of deaths inU-5s

Answer 20

Malnutrition

Question 21

___________ is also a sensitive measure of the effectiveness of health services and the socio- economic progress of a country.

Answer 21

Infant mortality

Question 22

Infant mortality can respond dramatically to relatively simple measures
T/F

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Infant mortality is Sub-divided into two segments: _________ and ________ death rates

Answer 23

neonatal and post-neonatal

Question 24

Infant mortality
• Neonatal MR is related to problems arising in:
– _________ (congenital abnormalities, low birth wt)
– _________ (birth injuries, asphyxia)
– _________ (tetanus, other infections)

Answer 24

pregnancy ; Delivery

After delivery

Question 25

Infant mortality • Post neonatal MR is related to a variety of __________ factors especially _________________

Answer 25

environmental level of child care

Question 26

Improvement in MCH services brings about a more dramatic fall in (NMR or PNMR?) than (NMR or PNMR?)

Answer 26

PNMR NMR

Question 27

Factors affecting infant mortality rate • Personal factors – __________ status of mother – __________ status – __________ status/family stability – Family _____, child’s birth ______ and ________ between the birth of last child – _________ practices and beliefs in child rearing – ________ beliefs – __________ of available health care services (immunization, family planning services, ORT, etc)

Answer 27

Educational ; Socio-economic status ; size ; position interval ; Cultural Religious ; Utilization

Question 28

Factors affecting infant mortality rate • Health services factors – _________ of health services – _________ of health services – _________ of health services – Availability of _________ health personnel – Acceptability of the concept of MCH among the health personnel – Availability of resources and inclination of those in decision-making position to allocate _________ to health

Answer 28

Availability ; Accessibility Acceptability ; qualified more budgets

Question 29

Factors affecting infant mortality rate • Environmental factors – _______ supply – _______ disposal system – _______ disposal system – _______ conditions – _______ control – Food _______ and food _______ – Atmospheric _______

Answer 29

Water ; Sewage ; Refuse Housing ; Vector supply ; hygiene pollution

Question 30

Factors affecting infant mortality rate • Community factors – Extent of community __________ and __________ of local people – Level of development of the country • Genetic factors – Prevalence of genetic disease e.g. __________ disease

Answer 30

involvement ; participation sickle cell disease

Question 31

Child survival strategies • Child survival is the term presently accepted to describe programs developed to __________________________

Answer 31

decrease mortality and morbidity of U-5s

Question 32

Objectives of child survival strategies : – To reduce infant and child morbidity and mortality through ________ and _____________ – To promote physical, emotional, psychological and social growth and development of children in order to have a healthy and economically productive populace.

Answer 32

prevention early identification

Question 33

Child survival strategies GOBI-FFF??

Answer 33

– Growth monitoring – Oral Rehydration Therapy – Breastfeeding – Immunization – Female education – Family planning – Food fortification & supplementation

Question 34

Growth monitoring • It means regularly ________ young children, _________ the weights on growth charts and _________ the weights and weight gains to those of reference healthy children

Answer 34

weighing ; plotting comparing

Question 35

Low height for age is?? Low weight for height is?? Low weight for age is??

Answer 35

Stunting Wasting Underweight

Question 36

Oral Rehydration Therapy • ORT is very effective in combating mortality due to _______________ which is capable of causing _______ and ________ in a very short time in a child.

Answer 36

acute diarrhoea dehydration shock

Question 37

Oral Rehydration Therapy • A suitable fluid for oral and nasogastric use is a ___________ solution which contains in _______ of water: – Sodium chloride (table salt) 2.6g – Sodium citrate (baking soda) 2.9g – Potassium chloride 1.5g – Glucose (dextrose) 13.5g •_____-based and ________ solutions have also been used successfully.

Answer 37

glucose-salt 1 litre Rice; maize starch

Question 38

Oral Rehydration Therapy • Home-made solution: – Cooking salt – __________ teaspoon – Sugar – ________ teaspoons – Clean drinking water – _________ boiled and cooled – 5 cupfuls (each cup about 200ml)

Answer 38

Half (1/2) level teaspoon 6 level teaspoons 1 litre

Question 39

Breastfeeding • It provides adequate nutrients &calories • it has anti-_________( maternal immunoglobulin) and anti-________ properties •M&M among infants not fully breastfed is about ______ times that of fully breastfed infants. •It contributes to child ________ and improved psychological and emotional growth of the child and mother-infant bonding.

Answer 39

infective; allergic 5 – 45 spacing

Question 40

Immunization It is presented through the ____________________________

Answer 40

National program of Immunization

Question 41

Female education • It is a major determinant of the health of mothers and their children •It raises the age at which women _______ and start ___________ •It gives the woman confidence to plan and _______ her children • Enables the woman to utilize social services including _________ •Empowers a woman to work outside her homeand improve her ________ base •Empowers a woman to participate in the formulation of policies that affect women and children

Answer 41

marry ; childbearing space; health facilities economic

Question 42

Family planning • Includes ____________ and ____________

Answer 42

child spacing parity limitation

Question 43

In developing countries among families of low SES, children born at short birth intervals are 50% more likely to die at ages _______ than their well-spaced counterparts

Answer 43

1 - 4

Question 44

Food fortification & supplementation • __________-fortified food supplements can be given to infants and pregnant women that are at high risk of malnutrition. • A handful of extra food each day for at-risk pregnant women has been shown to reduce the risk of _____________ - a risk which carries with it a two or three times greater likelihood of death in infancy.

Answer 44

Micronutrient- low birth-weight