Malnutrition in Children, Adolescents and Pregnant Women Flashcards
(31 cards)
Malnutrition is the _________ , _________ or _________ consumption of nutrients.
insufficient
excessive
imbalanced
The World Health Organization cites __________ as the gravest single threat to the world’s public health.
malnutrition
The Vulnerable Groups
__________ and __________ mothers
__________
__________
__________
uPregnant
lactating
uChildren
Adolescents
Elderly
Children: They require proportionately (less or more?) energy for each kg of body weight than adults.
More
Adolescents : as much energy as ________
•_________ sets in
•Spurt in _________ and an increase in _________.
•Greater deal of _________ activity
adults
Puberty ; growth
metabolic rate ; physical activity
Nutritional Problems in Children: Protein Energy Malnutrition
Major health and nutrition problem in Nigeria
Occurs in children especially within the _______ year of life
Its clinical forms are: __________ , __________
Micronutrient deficiencies: e.g Vitamin D -> __________
first
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
rickets
Kwashiorkor: _________ ,__________ liver, apathy, and ________ development.
Marasmus: a _______ body and _________ growth
edema; an enlarged
delayed
thin ; stunted
Features of Kwashiorkor
uLack of dietary ________ but ________ _______
u__________ (fluid retention)
u________ _______ but _______
cutaneous fat
uLow ________ _______
u__________ liver
uAnemia, impaired ________
protein ; adequate COH
Oedema ; Muscle wasting ; some
serum albumin ; Enlarged
immunity
Features of Marasmus
uLacks _______________ after prolonged _______________.
uNo ________
uSevere ____________ with
_________ subcutaneous fat
u________ serum albumin
u_________ liver
uFrequent anaemia
both protein and CHO
deprivation of food.
oedema; muscle wasting
negligible ; Normal
Normal liver
Nutritional Problems in Children contd.
From Protein gap to food gap. PEM is due to:
u An inadequate intake of food ( food gap) both in _________ and _________.
u Infections: diarrhoea, _________ infections, measles, ______________
u increase _________ for calories, protein and other nutrients,
u Decreased _________
u decrease _________ and _________.
u It’s a vicious cycle.
quantity ; quality.
respiratory ; intestinal worms
requirements ; appetite
absorption ; utilization.
Causes of Malnutrition
uPoor maternal health
Nutritional history is linked to the
mother’s health and nutritional status..
Nutritional history during childhood.(Malnutrition is self perpetuating)
Failure of _________
use of __________ infant formula
uPremature termination of __________
lactation
over diluted
breastfeeding
Causes of Malnutrition contd….
u Poverty
illiteracy and lack of nutrition
information
u________ family size
uPoor environmental conditions
uAdverse cultural practices: _______ and ________
discarding __________ from cereals,
uDelayed/inadequate ______________ feeding.
Large ; Breast milk
water; cooking water
complementary feeding.
Complementary Feeding
The transition from __________________ to __________________,
Covers the period from _____ to _____________ of age,
Very vulnerable period.
exclusive breastfeeding
family foods,
6 to 18-24 months of age,
Complementary feeding
Should be:
_________ ,
_________: parallel at least that of breast milk prepared and given in a safe manner,
be given in a way that is appropriate,
given in sufficient quantity.
timely
Adequate
Complementary feeding
Depends on:
_________ of a variety of foods in the household, but more on the __________________ of caregivers
________ foods can be ________ and given
Availability ; feeding practices
Local foods ; fortified
Detection of PEM
The first indicator is ??
Most practical method to detect this is ????.
Under-weight for age.
growth charts
Detection of PEM
Arm circumference:
Cannot be used below ______
If it exceeds ________cm it indicates good nutritional status.
_____ -_____: Mild-moderate malnutrition
<_____ cm= severe malnutrition
one year
13.5
12.5-13.5:
<12.5 cm
Nutritional Problems of Adolescents
Why is adolescent nutrition a concern?
•Population: ___ to ____ in developing countries. Many health problems later in life can be prevented at this stage
•__________
•____________ is one of the key nutritional problems in adolescent girls.
•Overweight/Obesity
•______ deficiency
Other micronutrient deficiencies:______, ______ & ______
1/5 to 1⁄4
Stunting ; Anaemia
Folate ; Vit A
Zinc ; Ca
Effects of Malnutrition
uPoor growth-> ________
uLower ________
uMorbidity/Poorer prognosis in illness
uDiet related ________ diseases uPermanent impairment of ________
growth of those who survive.
uMortality
Stunting; immunity
chronic ;mental
Prevention of Malnutrition
Health Promotion:
uMeasures directed to pregnant and lactating women.
__________
distribution of ________
Promotion of ________
Development of low-cost ________ foods.
education
supplements
breastfeeding
complementary
Prevention of Malnutrition contd..
Specific Protection:
uChild’s diet must contain _______ and _______ rich foods: milk, eggs, fresh fruits should be given.
uImmunization
uFood _______
protein ; energy
fortification
Food fortification
uNeed to fortify ________ foods: both animal and plant protein
u Adapt to each tribe and situation. E.g urban area: _____+ ________ + ___________ +____ ground together and then add a little ________.
u The ground portion can be added to any food or used to make soup.
u Palm oil can also be added to enrich it with _________
local
millet+ groundnut + yellow maize +fish
milk ; vit. A
Prevention of Malnutrition contd…
Early diagnosis and treatment
u _______ _______
u _______ diagnosis of any lag in growth
u Early diagnosis and treatment of _______ and _______
u Development of programme for early _______ of children with diarrhoea
u Development of _______ feeding programmes during _______
u _______ of heavily infested children
Periodic surveillance
Early ; infection ; diarrhoea
rehydration ; supplementary
epidemics ; Deworming
Prevention of Malnutrition contd..
Rehabilitation of malnourished children
uNutritional rehabilitation services uHospital treatment
u__________ care
uFollow-up care
