Overview Of The Immune System

Question 1

What are type of pathogens?

Answer 1

Bacteria
Protozoa
Viruses
Fungi
Virus
Parasite
Protein

Question 2

What is an antigen?

Answer 2

Any substance capable of triggering an immune response

Non-self protein on pathogen

Question 3

What are the characteristic shapes of individual antigens called?

Answer 3

Epitopes

=protrudes from its surface

Question 4

Are some epitopes more effective than others are stimulating immune response?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What are the physical barriers?

Answer 5

Skin

Reproductory

Respiratory tracts

Digestive tracts

Question 6

What systems does the mucous membrane line?

Answer 6

Digestive

Reproductory

Respiratory

Question 7

What is the role of the mucous membrane?

Answer 7

Prevent attachment of many pathogens

Sticky, traps pathogens and shed off

Question 8

What does the mucous contain?

Answer 8

Antimicrobial enzymes

Enzyme inhibitors

Lysis

immunoglobulins

Question 9

Why do we not attack self-antigens?

Answer 9

Self-tolerance

Question 10

Describe innate immune system?

Answer 10

Non-specific

First to come into play

Will produce the same response time and again - no memory

This is the immunity when you are born

Question 11

Describe the adaptive immune system?

Answer 11

Highly specific

Immunological memory

Antibody production

Question 12

When does the innate response kick in?

Answer 12

Hours

Question 13

When does the adaptive immune response kick in?

Answer 13

Days

Question 14

What are the cells of the immune system?

Answer 14

Phagocytic cells

Cells releasing inflammatory mediators

NKC

Molecules

Question 15

What are phagocytic cells?

Answer 15

Leukocytes …Neutrophils Eosinophils
Monocytes

Macrophages

Question 16

What are the leukocytes?

Answer 16

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Monocytes

Question 17

Where are macrophages?

Answer 17

In tissue

Question 18

What cells release inflammatory mediators?

Answer 18

In tissue= Macrophages And Mast cells

Leukocytes (basophils and eosinophils)

Question 19

What are non-specific humoral factors?

Answer 19

Soluble substances = growth inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, lysins

Question 20

Where are the non-specific humoral factors?

Answer 20

Body fluids (and mucous)

Question 21

What is the role of growth inhibitors?

Answer 21

Deprive micro-organisms of nutrients essential for their growth

Interfere with metabolism

Include transferin and interferon

Temperature dependent

Question 22

What is transferrin and interferon?

Answer 22

Transferin (bacteriacidal activity - binds iron)

Interferon (antiviral activity)

Question 23

What can activate the complement system?

Answer 23

Classical

Alternative

Lectin

Question 24

What is the role of complement?

Answer 24

Edibles the gap between adaptive and innate immunity

Question 25

What is the end result of the complement pathway?

Answer 25

MAC montane attack complex Opsonisation

Question 26

How many proteins are involved in the complement system?

Answer 26

Over 20

Question 27

What is an example of a lysin?

Answer 27

Lysozyme

Question 28

What does lysozyme act upon?

Answer 28

Peptidoglycans (protein and carbohydrate)

Question 29

What does MAC do?

Answer 29

Create a pore on the pathogen membrane

Question 30

What cell does opsonisation attract?

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

What protein is key in the CS?

Answer 31

C3

Question 32

What 2 smaller fragments does C3 get clipped to?

Answer 32

C3a C3b

Question 33

What is smaller and what is larger, C3a or C3b?

Answer 33

C3a is smaller C3b is larger

Question 34

What does the a,ternative pathway form?

Answer 34

C5 convertase

Question 35

What is involved in the classical pathway?

Answer 35

C1 binding to Ab

Question 36

What CS is shown?

Answer 36

Classical pathway

Question 37

How does the lectin pathway work?

Answer 37

Pathogens have lectin on surface (host cells do not) MBL cells bind and activate complement

Question 38

What is the central event in complement activation?

Answer 38

Proteolysis of complement protein C3

Question 39

When is MAC fully activated?

Answer 39

When final protein C9 is bound

Question 40

What can chemktractans contribute to?

Answer 40

Anaphylactic shock

Question 41

What are the functions of complement?

Answer 41