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MSK lectures > Overview of the lower limb 01/10/18 > Flashcards

Overview of the lower limb 01/10/18 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the lower limb begin?

A

Extends from the pelvis

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lower limb?

A

Support body weight
Locomotion
Maintain balance

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3
Q

What are the six regions of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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4
Q

What is the proper name of the Hip joint?

A

Acetabulo-femoral joint

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5
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and Socket

Synovial

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6
Q

What 4 movements is the hip joint able to do?

A

Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction
Medial-lateral rotation
Circumduction

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7
Q

Where are synovial joints found?

A

Within strong joint capsules

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8
Q

What formation are the ligaments of the hip in?

A

Spiral formation

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9
Q

What are the three ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral

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10
Q

Why are the hip ligaments arranged in this (spiral) formation?

A

So that when the hip moves the joint compacts and stabilizes

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11
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the head of the femur?

A

The medial circumflex femoral artery

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12
Q

What arteries are damaged in femoral neck fractures?

A

Intracapsular retinacular arteries

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13
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Modified synovial hinge joint

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14
Q

What are the 2 functions of the knee joint?

A

Flexion/extension

Slight rotation

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15
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the knee complex?

A

Medial Tibiofemoral
Lateral Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral

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16
Q

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Patellar
Lateral (fibular) collateral
Medial (tibial) collateral

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17
Q

What are the 2 intra-articular ligaments of the knee?

A 
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)
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18
Q

What is the difference between the patellar ligament and the patellar tendon?

A

They are the same thing

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the lateral collateral ligament and why?

A

Thin and cord like as there are lots of other structures around it for support

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the medial collateral ligament and why?

A

Thick
More robust than LCL
Withstands more force

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21
Q

What are the menisci?

A

Crescent shaped fibrocartilage

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22
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Prevents the anterior movement of the tibia on the femur

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23
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Prevents the posterior movement of the tibia on the femur

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24
Q

How do the ACL and PCL interact?

A

They cross over

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25
What is the Q angle?
The angle between the following two lines: | The Asis and the mid-point of the patella
26
Which gender is likely to have a greater Q angle?
Females as they have wider hips for child bearing
27
How do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum?
Through the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
28
Which ligaments separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous
29
What region is through the greater sciatic foramen?
Gluteal
30
What region is through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Perineum
31
For injections, what is the gluteal region divided into and what is the best region?
Quadrants | ULQ
32
What are the 3 nerves that enter the pelvis via the gluteal region?
Sciatic Pudenal Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
33
Where does the sciatic nerve originate from?
L4-S3
34
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic
35
Where does the sciatic nerve supply?
Posterior thigh All leg and foot muscles Most of the skin via tibial and fibular branches
36
Where does the Pudenal nerve originate?
S2-S4 (keeps the gut off the floor)
37
What is the principle nerve to the perineum?
Pudenal
38
Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh originate?
S1-S3
39
Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?
Skin over posterior thigh Popliteal fossa Lateral perineum Upper medial thigh
40
What are the 4 superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae
41
What are the 3 functions of the superficial thigh muscles?
Extension Abduction Medial rotation
42
What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?
Gluteus maximus
43
What supplies all other superficial gluteal muscles?
Superior gluteal nerve
44
What are the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Piriformis Obturator internus Gemelli (superior and inferior) Quadratus femoris
45
What are the 2 functions of the deep muscle group?
Lateral rotation of thigh | Hip stabilisers
46
What supplies the deep gluteal muscles?
Nerves from the sacral plexus
47
What does a tight piriformis cause?
Sciatica
48
What is a Trendelenberg gait and what causes it?
An abnormal walk caused by reduced function of the superior gluteal nerve and weak hip abduction by the gluteus medius
49
Which hip drops in trendelenberg gait?
The contralateral hip
50
Where does the sciatic nerve exit the gluteal region?
Inferior to the piriformis
51
What artery supplies the sciatic nerve?
Artery to the sciatic nerve
52
Does the sciatic nerve supply the gluteal region/
No
53
What are the two portions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial/Medial | Common fibular/Lateral
54
What are compartments surrounded/divided by?
An intermuscular septum
55
What invaginates to form an intermuscular septum?
Deep Fascia
56
What are the three compartments of the thigh?
Anterior Medial Posterior
57
What are the three compartments of the leg?
Anterior Posterior Lateral
58
What is true about muscles in the same compartment?
They generally have similar actions | They generally have the same nerve supply
59
What is compartment syndrome?
The fascia creates an enclosed space When increased pressure occurs (i.e a bleed or swelling) it can affect the functions of muscles and nerves in the compartment
60
What is the emergency treatment for compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy
61
What are the 2 functional groups of muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Flexors of thigh | Extensors of leg
62
What are the 4 flexors of the thigh?
Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius Rectus femoris
63
What are the 4 extensors of the leg?
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius
64
What supplies everything in the anterior compartment of the thigh apart from the psoas major?
The femoral nerve (L2,3,4)
65
What supplies the psoas major/
L1,2,3
66
What are the 5 boundaries of the femoral triangle?
``` Superior - inguinal ligament Medial - Lateral border of adductor longus Lateral - Medial border of sartorius Floor - Iliopsoas and pectineus Roof - Deep fascia ```
67
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral Nerve Femoral Artery Femoral Vein Lymphatics
68
What is the function of the muscles in the medial thigh compartment/
Adduction of the thigh
69
What are the 5 adductors of the thigh?
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
70
What supplies all of the adductors of the thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2,3,4) except the hamstring - tibial nerve
71
What is the function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Extension of thigh | Flexion of leg
72
What are extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg?
Semitendinosus Semimebranosus Biceps femoris
73
What supplies the extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
74
What supplies the short head of biceps femoris?
The common fibular division of sciatic
75
What is the function of the Superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Plantarflexors of the ankle
76
What is the function of the Deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexors of toes | Plantarflexors of ankle
77
What are the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior leg compartment?
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
78
What are the 4 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibilas posterior
79
What supplies all the muscles of the posterior leg compartment?
The tibial nerve
80
What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes
81
What are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior Entensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius
82
What nerve supplies all of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
83
What is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Evert the foot and weakly plantarflex ankle
84
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis
85
What nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)
86
What does deep fibular nerve palsy cause?
Loss of muscle action in anterior leg compartment | Reduced or absent dorsiflexion
87
What are the 4 boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Superolateral - Biceps femoris Superomedial - semimembranosus Inferior - Gastrocnemius Roof - Popliteal fascia
88
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Lots of fat Terminal small saphenous vein Popliteal vessels Tibial and common fibular nerves
89
What is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body?
Calcaneal/Achilles tendon
90
How long is the achilles tendon?
15cm
91
What two tendons come together to form the achilles tendon/
Gastrocnemius | Soleus
92
Where does the achilles tendon attach?
Calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
93
What does the ankle jerk reflex test?
S1,S2 nerve roots
94
What veins do the superficial lymphatics follow?
Saphenous veins
95
Where do the superficial lymphatics drain to?
Superficial inguinal nodes then external iliac nodes
96
What veins do deep lymphatics follow?
Deep veins
97
Where do the deep lymphatics drain to?
Popliteal lymph nodes then deep inguinal nodes, then external iliac nodes

MSK lectures (50 decks)

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