(P) Lesson 3: Circulatory System Flashcards
What are the two main components of the circulatory system?
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System
T or F: A heart weighs more than 1 pound
False (less than 1 pound)
Outermost membrane of the heart connected to the visceral pericardium
Epicardium
Middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscles
Myocardium
Inner layer of the heart that lines the valves and chambers
Endocardium
Outer portion of the pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Inner portion of the pericardium
Visceral pericardium
T or F: Right side of the body carries deoxygenated blood while the left side of the body delivers oxygenated blood
True
T or F: Right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood while the left side of the heart delivers oxygenated blood
True
Refers to systole and diastole which lasts about 0.8 seconds
Cardiac Cycle
This sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium initiated by the pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
Electrical Conduction System
Machine used for the graphical representation of cardiac cycle activity
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
The first heart sound which signifies ventricular contraction or systole
Lubb
The second heart sound which signifies ventricular relaxation or diastole
Dubb
What is the average heart rate?
72 bpm
Refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac Output
A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the altering expansion and contraction of the arteries
Pulse
The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels measured by a sphygmomanometer
Blood Pressure
This is obtained via arterial puncture and is performed by respiratory therapists or doctors only
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
Aka “cardiac markers” which are enzymes that increase in value when there is damage to the heart
AST or SGOT (aspartate aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)
This monitors the HDL and LDL
Cholesterol
Another type of cardiac marker but it can also be found in the muscles
Creatine Kinase (CK)
A cardiac marker that determines whether the heart is the direct source of an enzyme
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
A medication monitoring system used to improve the strength and efficacy of the blood which regulates the rate and rhythm of the heart
Digoxin
A cardiac marker that indicates cardiac damage but can also be produced by strenuous activity
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes
This element is needed by the cardiac muscles to contract
Potassium (K)
The most specific enzyme found ONLY in the heart (most accurate cardiac marker)
Troponin T (TnT)
Chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart
Angina Pectoris
Aka “heart murmur” produced when the aortic leaflets fail to open during systole
Aortic Stenosis
Inflammation and infection where bacteria enters and resides in the endocardium or blood vessels
Bacterial Endocarditis
Results in general weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped to the heart
Congestive Heart Failure
Aka “heart attack” due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle
Myocardial Infarction
Inflammation of the pericardium that may be due to a viral infection
Percarditis
A loop consisting of the vessel systems to which blood is circulated across the body
Vascular System
Type of circulation which refers to the travel of blood to the lungs to perform gas exchange
Pulmonary Circulation
Type of circulation which refers to the oxygenated blood traveling to the rest of the body while deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart
Systemic Circulation
Outermost layer of the blood vessels composed of connective tissue
Tunica Adventitia
Middle layer of the blood vessels composed of elastic fiber and smooth muscle
Tunica Media
Innermost layer of the blood vessels lined with endothelial cells
Tunica Intima
This is controlled by the unison contraction and relaxation of the myocardium as well as the opening and closing of valves
Blood Flow
The enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall
Aneurysm
The hardening of the arterial wall due to aging
Arteriosclerosis
These are plaques in the inner vessel walls caused by high cholesterol and fat
Atherosclerosis
Clots or bubbles that obstruct the artery
Embolism
An obstruction that travels and is eventually lodged in a vessel; can sometimes originate from a thrombus
Embolus
Refers to swollen veins in the area of the anus
Hemorrhoids
Inflammation of the vein wall; can originate from an infected puncture site
Phlebitis
Swelling of veins in the legs usually during pregnancy
Thrombophlebitis
A stationary blood clot that impedes blood flow which can break up into smaller pieces
Thrombus
Twisted and enlarged veins usually found in the legs
Varicose Veins
These tests measure to see if a patient has a blood clotting disorder
D-dimer and Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP)
These are early determinants for atherosclerosis
Lipoproteins and Triglycerides
These identify the presence of clotting factors in the blood
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT/APTT)
Composed of plasma and other formed elements such as gases, minerals, carbohydrates & lipids, proteins, etc. found in the human body
Blood
The clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water
Plasma
T or F: It is serum that exists in our vessels
False (it is plasma, because it’s not in its clotted state)
Process which determines blood classification using the ABO system or Rh Factor
Blood Type
T or F: Opposite antigens to what we have signify our blood type
False (what we have determines what type we are)
T or F: Blood develops antibodies directed at the opposite blood type
True (antibodies for the antigens we lack)
T or F: Packed RBCs contain plasma
False
If a patient has blood type A, what antibodies do they produce?
Anti-B Antibody
If a patient has blood type B, what antibodies do they produce?
Anti-A Antibody
If a patient has blood type AB, what antibodies do they produce?
None
If a patient has blood type O, what antibodies do they produce?
Both Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies
If a patient has blood type A, who can donate to them?
Blood types: A and O
If a patient has blood type B, who can donate to them?
B and O
If a patient has blood type AB, who can donate to them?
A, B, AB, and O
If a patient has blood type O, who can donate to them?
O only
The liquid portion of CLOTTED blood
Serum
The liquid portion of UNCLOTTED blood
Plasma
This consists of RBCs, formed elements, and plasma/ or serum
Whole Blood
This layer consists of WBCs and platelets
Buffy Coat
Refers to not having enough RBCs or hemoglobin
Anemia (denica)
Cancer of blood-forming tissues like bone marrow or the lymphatic system
Leukemia
Increase in the number of WBCs in blood due to illness or infection
Leukocytosis
Refers to reduced number of WBCs
Leukopenia
The bone marrow produces too much RBCs resulting to blood thickening
Polycythemia
When the body produces too many platelets which affects blood clotting
Thrombocytosis
Refers to low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
An unspecific inflammation indicator
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Increased amount indicates presence of a large volume of immature RBCs which can mean anemia
Reticulocyte Count
This test measures the amount of iron in the RBCs
Ferritin, Iron, and Total Iron-binding Capacity (TIBC)
A network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of waste and toxins in the body which also transports white blood cells to the site of infection coming from specific nodes
Lymphatic System
T or F: The Lymphatic System functions independently from the Circulatory System
False (they are complementary)
This fluid is similar to plasma but contains 95% of water obtained from the interstitial spaces of cells surrounding blood vessels
Lymph
What are the two major lymphatic ducts that lymph can drain into?
Right Lymphatic Duct and the Thoracic Duct
Inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
Aka “adenopathy” which refers to an abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of the spleen
Splenomegaly
Cancer of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s Disease
A cancer that develops from lymphocytes
Lymphosarcoma or Lymphoma
This test diagnoses patients with the cytomegalovirus
Mononucleosis Test
Stoppage of bleeding as a response to injury
Hemostasis
This organ produces heparin (natural anticoagulant) and bile salts needed for factor synthesis and vitamin K absorption
Liver
Process by which blood changes from liquid to a gel to form the clot
Coagulation
This coagulation pathway is triggered by tissue damage
Extrinsic
This coagulation pathway is triggered by damaged surfaces
Intrinsic
This enzyme plays an important role in coagulation as it amplifies the process and converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin
Thrombin
The process where fibrin or the clot dissolves
Fibrinolysis
What two substances are involved in fibrinolysis?
Plasminogen and Plasmin
T or F: Vascular spasm disrupts the rate of blood flow during blood clot formation
False (vascular spasm helps in increasing the rate of blood flow therefore increasing the speed with which the needed cells for clotting will reach the damaged site)
Refers to when a blood clot forms in one or more deep veins usually in the legs
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Refers to the formation of spontaneous small clots that block the small blood vessels
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Refers to the lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins
Hemophilia
If a patient has Hemophilia A, they are lacking what clotting factor?
8
If a patient has Hemophilia B, they are lacking what clotting factor?
9
If a patient has Hemophilia C, they are lacking what clotting factor?
11
Refers to how long the clotting time is for the patient (done prior to surgery)
Bleeding Time
These identify what factors are missing in the patient’s blood
Factor Assays
This tests detects what platelet function is not functioning properly
Platelet Function Assay (PFA)
This test determines which coagulation factors are missing
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PT/APTT)
The GENERAL priority area for venipuncture because of its easy localization and penetration characterized as the “elbow pit”; a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow
Antecubital Fossa
Major arms veins in the antecubital fossa are called?
Antecubital Veins
T or F: You can extract blood from an arm attached to an IV line
False (you cannot)
This vein arrangement occurs in about 70% of the population
H-Shaped Antecubital veins
The first choice vein when performing venipuncture
Median Cubital Vein
The second choice vein when performing venipuncture; usually prominent in obese patients
Cephalic Vein
The last choice vein when performing venipuncture; high risk to use because it lies too close to an artery
Basilic Vein
T or F: You can use the underside of the wrist as venipuncture sites
False
These veins must not be used in venipuncture without the permission of a physician due to high risks of thrombosis
Leg, Ankle, and Foot Veins
