(P) Lesson 3: Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two main components of the circulatory system?
A
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System
2
Q
T or F: A heart weighs more than 1 pound
A
False (less than 1 pound)
3
Q
Outermost membrane of the heart connected to the visceral pericardium
A
Epicardium
4
Q
Middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscles
A
Myocardium
5
Q
Inner layer of the heart that lines the valves and chambers
A
Endocardium
6
Q
Outer portion of the pericardium
A
Parietal pericardium
7
Q
Inner portion of the pericardium
A
Visceral pericardium
8
Q
T or F: Right side of the body carries deoxygenated blood while the left side of the body delivers oxygenated blood
A
True
8
Q
T or F: Right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood while the left side of the heart delivers oxygenated blood
A
True
9
Q
Refers to systole and diastole which lasts about 0.8 seconds
A
Cardiac Cycle
10
Q
This sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium initiated by the pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
A
Electrical Conduction System
11
Q
Machine used for the graphical representation of cardiac cycle activity
A
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
12
Q
The first heart sound which signifies ventricular contraction or systole
A
Lubb
13
Q
The second heart sound which signifies ventricular relaxation or diastole
A
Dubb
14
Q
What is the average heart rate?
A
72 bpm
15
Q
Refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
A
Cardiac Output
16
Q
A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the altering expansion and contraction of the arteries
A
Pulse
17
Q
The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels measured by a sphygmomanometer
A
Blood Pressure
18
Q
This is obtained via arterial puncture and is performed by respiratory therapists or doctors only
A
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
19
Q
Aka “cardiac markers” which are enzymes that increase in value when there is damage to the heart
A
AST or SGOT (aspartate aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)
20
Q
This monitors the HDL and LDL
A
Cholesterol
21
Q
Another type of cardiac marker but it can also be found in the muscles
A
Creatine Kinase (CK)
22
Q
A cardiac marker that determines whether the heart is the direct source of an enzyme
A
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
23
Q
A medication monitoring system used to improve the strength and efficacy of the blood which regulates the rate and rhythm of the heart
A
Digoxin
24
A cardiac marker that indicates cardiac damage but can also be produced by strenuous activity
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes
25
This element is needed by the cardiac muscles to contract
Potassium (K)
26
The most specific enzyme found ONLY in the heart (most accurate cardiac marker)
Troponin T (TnT)
27
Chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart
Angina Pectoris
28
Aka “heart murmur” produced when the aortic leaflets fail to open during systole
Aortic Stenosis
29
Inflammation and infection where bacteria enters and resides in the endocardium or blood vessels
Bacterial Endocarditis
30
Results in general weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped to the heart
Congestive Heart Failure
31
Aka “heart attack” due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle
Myocardial Infarction
32
Inflammation of the pericardium that may be due to a viral infection
Percarditis
33
A loop consisting of the vessel systems to which blood is circulated across the body
Vascular System
34
Type of circulation which refers to the travel of blood to the lungs to perform gas exchange
Pulmonary Circulation
35
Type of circulation which refers to the oxygenated blood traveling to the rest of the body while deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart
Systemic Circulation
36
Outermost layer of the blood vessels composed of connective tissue
Tunica Adventitia
37
Middle layer of the blood vessels composed of elastic fiber and smooth muscle
Tunica Media
38
Innermost layer of the blood vessels lined with endothelial cells
Tunica Intima
39
This is controlled by the unison contraction and relaxation of the myocardium as well as the opening and closing of valves
Blood Flow
40
The enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall
Aneurysm
41
The hardening of the arterial wall due to aging
Arteriosclerosis
42
These are plaques in the inner vessel walls caused by high cholesterol and fat
Atherosclerosis
43
Clots or bubbles that obstruct the artery
Embolism
44
An obstruction that travels and is eventually lodged in a vessel; can sometimes originate from a thrombus
Embolus
45
Refers to swollen veins in the area of the anus
Hemorrhoids
46
Inflammation of the vein wall; can originate from an infected puncture site
Phlebitis
47
Swelling of veins in the legs usually during pregnancy
Thrombophlebitis
48
A stationary blood clot that impedes blood flow which can break up into smaller pieces
Thrombus
49
Twisted and enlarged veins usually found in the legs
Varicose Veins
50
These tests measure to see if a patient has a blood clotting disorder
D-dimer and Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP)
51
These are early determinants for atherosclerosis
Lipoproteins and Triglycerides
52
These identify the presence of clotting factors in the blood
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT/APTT)
53
Composed of plasma and other formed elements such as gases, minerals, carbohydrates & lipids, proteins, etc. found in the human body
Blood
54
The clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water
Plasma
55
T or F: It is serum that exists in our vessels
False (it is plasma, because it’s not in its clotted state)
56
Process which determines blood classification using the ABO system or Rh Factor
Blood Type
57
T or F: Opposite antigens to what we have signify our blood type
False (what we have determines what type we are)
58
T or F: Blood develops antibodies directed at the opposite blood type
True (antibodies for the antigens we lack)
59
T or F: Packed RBCs contain plasma
False
60
If a patient has blood type A, what antibodies do they produce?
Anti-B Antibody
61
If a patient has blood type B, what antibodies do they produce?
Anti-A Antibody
62
If a patient has blood type AB, what antibodies do they produce?
None
63
If a patient has blood type O, what antibodies do they produce?
Both Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies
64
If a patient has blood type A, who can donate to them?
Blood types: A and O
65
If a patient has blood type B, who can donate to them?
B and O
66
If a patient has blood type AB, who can donate to them?
A, B, AB, and O
67
If a patient has blood type O, who can donate to them?
O only
68
The liquid portion of CLOTTED blood
Serum
69
The liquid portion of UNCLOTTED blood
Plasma
70
This consists of RBCs, formed elements, and plasma/ or serum
Whole Blood
71
This layer consists of WBCs and platelets
Buffy Coat
72
Refers to not having enough RBCs or hemoglobin
Anemia (denica)
73
Cancer of blood-forming tissues like bone marrow or the lymphatic system
Leukemia
74
Increase in the number of WBCs in blood due to illness or infection
Leukocytosis
75
Refers to reduced number of WBCs
Leukopenia
76
The bone marrow produces too much RBCs resulting to blood thickening
Polycythemia
77
When the body produces too many platelets which affects blood clotting
Thrombocytosis
78
Refers to low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
79
An unspecific inflammation indicator
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
80
Increased amount indicates presence of a large volume of immature RBCs which can mean anemia
Reticulocyte Count
81
This test measures the amount of iron in the RBCs
Ferritin, Iron, and Total Iron-binding Capacity (TIBC)
82
A network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of waste and toxins in the body which also transports white blood cells to the site of infection coming from specific nodes
Lymphatic System
83
T or F: The Lymphatic System functions independently from the Circulatory System
False (they are complementary)
84
This fluid is similar to plasma but contains 95% of water obtained from the interstitial spaces of cells surrounding blood vessels
Lymph
85
What are the two major lymphatic ducts that lymph can drain into?
Right Lymphatic Duct and the Thoracic Duct
86
Inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel
Lymphangitis
87
Inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
88
Aka “adenopathy” which refers to an abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
89
Enlargement of the spleen
Splenomegaly
90
Cancer of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s Disease
91
A cancer that develops from lymphocytes
Lymphosarcoma or Lymphoma
92
This test diagnoses patients with the cytomegalovirus
Mononucleosis Test
93
Stoppage of bleeding as a response to injury
Hemostasis
94
This organ produces heparin (natural anticoagulant) and bile salts needed for factor synthesis and vitamin K absorption
Liver
95
Process by which blood changes from liquid to a gel to form the clot
Coagulation
96
This coagulation pathway is triggered by tissue damage
Extrinsic
97
This coagulation pathway is triggered by damaged surfaces
Intrinsic
98
This enzyme plays an important role in coagulation as it amplifies the process and converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin
Thrombin
99
The process where fibrin or the clot dissolves
Fibrinolysis
100
What two substances are involved in fibrinolysis?
Plasminogen and Plasmin
101
T or F: Vascular spasm disrupts the rate of blood flow during blood clot formation
False (vascular spasm helps in increasing the rate of blood flow therefore increasing the speed with which the needed cells for clotting will reach the damaged site)
102
Refers to when a blood clot forms in one or more deep veins usually in the legs
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
103
Refers to the formation of spontaneous small clots that block the small blood vessels
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
104
Refers to the lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins
Hemophilia
105
If a patient has Hemophilia A, they are lacking what clotting factor?
8
106
If a patient has Hemophilia B, they are lacking what clotting factor?
9
107
If a patient has Hemophilia C, they are lacking what clotting factor?
11
108
Refers to how long the clotting time is for the patient (done prior to surgery)
Bleeding Time
109
These identify what factors are missing in the patient’s blood
Factor Assays
110
This tests detects what platelet function is not functioning properly
Platelet Function Assay (PFA)
111
This test determines which coagulation factors are missing
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PT/APTT)
112
The GENERAL priority area for venipuncture because of its easy localization and penetration characterized as the “elbow pit”; a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow
Antecubital Fossa
113
Major arms veins in the antecubital fossa are called?
Antecubital Veins
114
T or F: You can extract blood from an arm attached to an IV line
False (you cannot)
115
This vein arrangement occurs in about 70% of the population
H-Shaped Antecubital veins
116
The first choice vein when performing venipuncture
Median Cubital Vein
117
The second choice vein when performing venipuncture; usually prominent in obese patients
Cephalic Vein
118
The last choice vein when performing venipuncture; high risk to use because it lies too close to an artery
Basilic Vein
119
T or F: You can use the underside of the wrist as venipuncture sites
False
120
These veins must not be used in venipuncture without the permission of a physician due to high risks of thrombosis
Leg, Ankle, and Foot Veins
