(P) Lesson 1: Understanding Phlebotomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the process of collecting blood through veins using incisions or puncture methods?
A
Phlebotomy
2
Q
This type of measure refers to as being part of the patient’s treatment plan
A
Therapeutic Measure
3
Q
This type of measure refers to as being part of disease detection and recognition
A
Diagnostic Measure
4
Q
What 2 words make up phlebotomy’s Greek derivation?
A
Phlebos and Temnein/Tomos/Tome
5
Q
“Phlebos” means what?
A
Vein
6
Q
“Temnein/Tomos/Tome” means what?
A
To cut
7
Q
What is another name for phlebotomy?
A
Venesection
8
Q
What 2 words make up venesection’s Latin derivation?
A
Vena and Sectio
9
Q
“Vena” means what?
A
Vein
10
Q
“Section” means what?
A
Cutting
11
Q
The age wherein crude tools were used to cut open vessels
A
Stone Age
12
Q
The year when ancient Egyptians practiced phlebotomy using fleams and leeches
A
1,400 BC
13
Q
The year when Hippocrates believed that health depended on the balance of the four humors
A
460-377 BC
14
Q
He was a Greek physician known as the Father of Medicine
A
Hippocrates
15
Q
What are the four humors?
A
Earth, Air, Fire, and Water
16
Q
What did Earth represent?
A
Blood and the brain
17
Q
What did the Wind represent?
A
Phlegm and the lungs
18
Q
What did Fire represent?
A
Black bile and the spleen
19
Q
What did Water represent?
A
Yellow bile and the gallbladder
20
Q
The age that bloodletting was performed by barbers
A
Middle Ages
21
Q
The centuries wherein phlebotomy was treated as major therapy
A
17th and 18th Centuries
22
Q
An alternative medical procedure wherein heated cups are applied for suction on a patient’s skin to act as a vacuum for the blood
A
Cupping
23
Q
Also known as Hirudotherapy which uses leeches that inject vasodilators in order to promote blood loss
A
Leeching
24
Q
What are medicinal leeches called scientifically?
A
Hirudo medicinalis
25
The chemical that leeches release that acts as a vasodilator, anesthetic, and anti-coagulant
Hirudin
26
A condition wherein there is an excess in blood cell production rate
Polycythemia
27
A method of phlebotomy that refers to the collection of blood through a vein using a syringe and needle
Venipuncture
28
A method of phlebotomy that refers to the puncturing of the skin using a lancet
Capillary Puncture
29
Refers to a process wherein the blood sample separates into different fractions in a test tube
Centrifugation and Aliquoting
30
This type of credential indicates the completion of training by the professional
Certification
31
This type of credential indicates the professional has passed the licensure examinations
Licensure
32
This credential refers to advancing the knowledge and updating the skillset of the professional
Continuing Education
33
This type of patient refers to them needing to undergo admission into the hospital for further treatment
Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
34
This type of patient refers to them being discharged after primary treatment and are not required to be admitted
Outpatient (ambulatory)
35
T or F: The outpatient department is the key resource for the country's healthcare system
False (it is the inpatient department)
36
T or F: Inpatient care provides only routine treatment
False (inpatient care provides specialized procedures as well)
37
T or F: Inpatient care provides tertiary care practitioners who perform highly complex services and therapy
True
38
T or F: Outpatient care provides primary and secondary care physicians who assume ongoing responsibility for the patient
True
39
Who established the three levels of healthcare?
Williams and Tungpalan (1981)
40
This level of healthcare refers to health units and sub-units in rural areas managed by the DOH
Primary
41
This level of healthcare refers to non-departmentalized hospitals
Secondary
42
This level of healthcare refers to medical centers and large hospitals
Tertiary
43
This healthcare service is done for patients with follow-up checkups after being discharged
Ambulatory care
44
This healthcare service is done in a patient's room or in a long-term facility
Homebound care
45
This healthcare service refers to units found at the local level which are under the jurisdiction of the DOH
Public Health Services
46
This division of clinical pathology refers to testing blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble chemicals that are useful in the diagnosis of diseases
Clinical Chemistry
47
FBS stands for?
Fasting Blood Sugar
48
HbA1C stands for?
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
49
FBS is used for the diagnosis of what disease?
Diabetes Mellitus
50
HbA1C is used for monitoring what?
Blood sugar
51
What is the standard fasting time before an FBS test?
8-10 hours
52
This type of test in clinical chemistry measures HDL, LDL and triglycerides
Total Cholesterol/Lipid Profile
53
Elevated levels of this acid indicate kidney problems and potential gout
Blood Uric Acid
54
Elevated levels of this chemical is able to determine impaired renal function
Blood Urea Nitrogen
55
BUN stands for?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
56
Elevated levels of this chemical indicate renal impairment or muscular dystrophy
Creatinine
57
These two chemicals when elevated indicate liver disorders
ALT/SGPT and AST/SGOT
58
ALT/SGPT stands for?
Alanine Aminotransferase/Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase
59
AST/SGOT stands for?
Aspartate Aminotransferase/Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase
60
Elevated levels of this chemical indicate bone or liver disorders
Alkaline Phosphatase
61
Elevated levels of this indicate liver or hemolytic disorders
Bilirubin
62
Elevated levels of this indicated early liver disorders and monitors patients with alcoholic hepatitis
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase
63
Elevated levels indicate myocardial infarction, lung, or liver disorders
Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
64
Elevated levels indicate acute pancreatitis
Amylase and Lipase
65
These chemicals evaluate body fluid balance
Electrolytes
66
Elevated levels indicate congestive heart failure
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
67
This test monitors therapeutic to toxic ranges of drugs
Drug analysis
68
This test checks for liver and kidney disorders
Total Protein
69
This test is used for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction
Troponin I
70
This division of clinical pathology deals with bacteria and fungi on received specimens
Microbiology
71
This test detects and determines the presence of bacteria
Gram stain
72
What are the four subsections of microbiology?
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Mycobacteriology
- Virology
73
This test under microbiology detects microbial infections and uses discs for antibiotic treatment
Culture and Sensitivity
74
This test detects fungi and bacteria in blood samples
Blood culture
75
In microbiology, a pink test tube is used for?
Pediatric patients
76
In microbiology, a blue test tube is used for?
Adult patients and aerobic cultures
77
In microbiology, an orange test tube is used for?
Anaerobic cultures
78
This test detects and determines the presence of specific fungi
Fungal culture
79
In clinical chemistry, this is the most commonly used specimen
Serum
80
T or F: The difference between serum and plasma is that serum came from an anti-coagulated tube while plasma did not
False (Serum is from a coagulated tube therefore it will clot while plasma came from an anti-coagulated tube therefore it will not clot)
81
This is the chief source of energy for all organisms and is the product of carbohydrate metabolism
Glucose
82
T or F: Glucose cannot enter the cell without insulin
True
83
This acid is the end product of purine metabolism
Uric Acid
84
Masses of uric acid are called as what?
Tophi
85
T or F: Bilirubin is a major bile pigment formed through hemoglobin formation
False (formed through hemoglobin breakdown)
86
This type of stain acts as the first/primary stain
Crystal Violet
87
This type of stain functions as a dye fixative
Iodine
88
This type of stain functions as a decolorizer
Alcohol
89
This type of stain acts as a secondary/counter-stain
Safranin
90
T or F: Gram positive bacteria have an outer membrane therefore it cannot absorb the crystal violet dye
False (Gram positive bacteria do not have an outer membrane therefore crystal violet is able to penetrate through)
91
T or F: Gram negative bacteria possess an outer layer that rejects crystal violet but accepts safranin due to the alcohol dissolving the layer
True
92
What is the color of gram positive bacteria?
Purple (primary stain)
93
What is the color of gram negative bacteria?
Reddish-pink (secondary stain)
94
This test is used to diagnose tuberculosis using sputum
Acid Fast Stain
95
This area under clinical pathology deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids
Hematology
96
This specimen is the most common body fluid analyzed using a lavender tube
Whole blood
97
The lavender tube that collects whole blood contains the anticoagulant EDTA which stands for?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
98
T or F: Plasma does not contain fibrinogen while serum does
False (plasma contains fibrinogen while serum doesn't)
99
The most common type of test performed in hematology
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
100
This test determines the percentage of the different types of WBC
Differential count
101
These WBCs indicate allergic reactions and parasitism
Basophils and Eosinophils
102
This WBC indicates viral infections
Lymphocyte
103
This WBC indicates viral infection and chronic inflammation
Monocyte
104
This WBC is an immature neutrophil
Band Cell
105
This WBC indicates bacterial infections
Neutrophil
106
This test determines volume of packed RBCs by centrifugation
Hematocrit
107
Determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs
Hemoglobin
108
Determines the amount of hemoglobin content usually expressed in picograms
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
109
Determines the weight of hemoglobin in RBCs and compared it will the cell size; usually expressed in percentages
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
110
Determines the size of the RBCs usually expressed in demtoliters
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
111
Calculates the difference in RBC sizes
RBC Distribution Width
112
This tool is used to count cells in a biological fluid on a calibrated grid
Improved Neubauer Counting Chamber
113
Determines the number and type of cells found in the bone marrow
Bone Marrow Exam
114
Determines the rate of RBC sedimentation and is a non-specific indicator of inflammation
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
115
Evaluates bone marrow production of RBC
Reticulocyte count
116
Refers to blood testing for the determination of coagulation factors
Coagulation Studies
117
Refers to stoppage of blood flow from a damaged vessel
Hemostasis
118
What is the anticoagulant used for plasma collected in a tube with a light blue stopper?
Sodium Citrate
119
Evaluates the intrinsic system of the coagulation cascade and monitors heparin therapy
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
120
Chemical observed for screening of increased clotting tendencies
Antithrombin II
121
Tests that evaluate platelet function in clotting
Bleeding Time and Platelet Aggregation
122
Measures abnormal clotting and fibrinolysis
D-dimer
123
Detects factor deficiencies that prolong coagulation
Factor Assays
124
Test for increased fibrinolysis
Fibrin Degradation Products
125
Evaluates the extrinsic system of the coagulation cascade and monitors Coumadin therapy
Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio (PT)
126
Determines if adequate fibrinogen is present for normal coagulation
Thrombin Time
127
This section of clinical pathology comprises of urinalysis and fecalysis
Clinical Microscopy
128
Routine screening procedure to detect kidney infections and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and liver disease
Urinalysis
129
The three areas of observation for urinalysis
Physical, Chemical, and Microscopic
130
A physical area of observation in urinalysis that depends on the hydration status of the patient which manifests different pigments
Color
131
A physical area of observation in urinalysis that detects cellular and crystalline elements
Appearance
132
A physical area of observation in urinalysis that measures urine concentration
Specific Gravity
133
A physical area of observation in urinalysis that determines acidity
pH
134
Elevated levels of this in a urinalysis panel indicates liver or hemolytic disorders
Urobilinogen
135
Chemical detected in urinalysis that will indicate bacterial infections
Nitrite
136
Detects WBCs and indicates UTIs if there are elevated levels of neutrophils
Leukocyte Esterase
137
This area of clinical pathology deals with blood typing, compatibility testing, and antibody screening
Immunohematology and Blood Banking
138
Refers to the ABO and Rh Typing
Group and Type
139
Test that detects abnormalities in serum antibodies
Antibody Screen
140
Detects abnormalities in RBC antibodies
Direct Antihuman Globulin Test/Direct Coombs Test
141
Identifies abnormalities in serum antibodies
Panel
142
Refers to tests for ABO, Rh typing, and compatibility
Type and Crossmatch/Type and Screen
143
This area in clinical pathology evaluates the body's immune response in the production of antibodies
Immunology and Serology
144
What is the common infectious agent analyzed in immunology?
Viruses
145
T or F: In immunology and serology, blood is collected with red stoppers which contain an anti-coagulant
False (since this is serology, serums are meant to coagulate therefore the tube should not contain any anti-coagulants)
146
HIV stands for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
147
The chemical produced by the placenta and can be detected by pregnancy tests
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
148
Elevated levels of this in immunology indicate inflammatory disorders
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
149
This detects cytomegalovirus infections
Cytomegalovirus Antibody (CMV)
150
HBsAG refers to?
Hepatitis B Antibody
151
These evaluate immune system function and come in the forms of A, G, M, etc.
Immunoglobulins
152
Screening laboratory for syphilis
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
153
STAT stands for?
Short Turn Around Time
154
Large and independent laboratories that provide specialized testing for specific specimens
Reference Laboratories
155
Reference laboratory for clinical hematology, immunohematology and blood banking, immunopathology, and histopathology
National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI)
156
Reference laboratory for microbiology and parasitology
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)
157
Reference laboratory for clinical chemistry
Lung Center of the Philippines
158
Reference laboratory for drugs of abuse, toxicology, micronutrient assay, and water bacteriology
East Avenue Medical Center
159
Reference laboratory for infectious diseases such as HIV, syphilis, Hepatitis B&C, etc.
San Lazaro Hospital
160
What are the common drugs of abuse used here in the Philippines
Methamphetamine (shabu) and marijuana
