Paper 1 Unit one Muscular skeeletal system Flashcards
(32 cards)
what is an isotonic contraction
When a muscle changes length as it undergoes
contraction. This contraction can be separated
into Concentric and Eccentric.
what is a Concentric contraction
The muscle shortens as it undergoes contraction, e.g. lifting a dumb-bell during
a bicep curl.
what is an isometric contraction
Isometric:
The muscle does not undergo any change in length when it
contracts. The muscle contracts to maintain the stability of the position of a body, e.g. a gymnast performing a handstand.
what is an eccentric contraction
Eccentric: The muscle lengthens as it
undergoes contraction, e.g. lowering a dumb-bell.
what is Newton’s first law, and how does it relate to sport
First Law: Inertia
An object’s state of motion will not
change unless acted upon by an external force, e.g. a sprinter staying still in the starting blocks will not move, as no force is being exerted on them.
what is newton second law and how does it relate to sport
Second Law: Acceleration
An object will accelerate in the same
direction as the force exerted on it, and the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to this force, e.g. the harder a tennis player hits the ball, the harder it will accelerate off their racquet.
what is Newton’s third law, and how does it relate to sport
Third Law: Action and Reaction
For every action there is an equal an
opposite reaction, e.g. a high jumper putting more force into the ground can generate a higher jump in the upwards direction.
how does the body respond to a warm up
Rate of gas exchange is increased, due to a higher volume of oxygenated blood flowing to the muscle, delaying the onset
of muscular fatigue.
- There is an increase in enzyme activity within the muscles, leading to faster and more forceful muscular contraction.
Muscle viscosity is reduced, which
improves the elasticity and functional
strength of the muscle. This can reduce the chances of injury, as well as leading to more efficient contractions.
The speed of nerve transmission
increases, which allows for improved
contraction speed and force production.
- Coordination between the antagonistic pairs is improved, improving the quality of movement.
A higher volume of synovial fluid is
produced, which increases the range of motion at the joint.
Muscle temperature is raised during the beginning of physical activity, improving the lengthening ability of the muscle and tendons and reducing the risk of injury.
what are the bones in the wrist and Hands
Radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals &
phalanges
What are the articulating bones in the shoulder
Scapula, clavicle, and humerus
what are the articulating bones in the elbow
Humerus radius ulna
what are the articulating bones in the hip
femur pelvis
what are the articulating bones in the leg and knee
femur patella, tibula and fibula
what are the articulating bones in the anknle and foot
Tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges
what are the articulatin g bones in the core/trunk
Regions of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx)
What movement is possible in the shoulder
Rotation, Circumduction, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Extension, Horizontal Flexion.
What movement is possible in the elbow
flexion extension
What movement is possible in the hip
Abduction Adduction Circumduction, flexion extension Rotation
What movement is possible in the leg and knee
flexion extension
what movement is possible in the ankle and foot.
Eversion, Inversion, Plantar Flexion , Dorsiflexion
What movements are possible in the wrist and hand
Supination Pronation
What movment is possible in the core/ trunk
flexion extension, rotaition
What is an agonist (prime mover)
This muscle is the primary instigator of a joint movement. The contraction of an agonist helps to cause the movement of a joint’s related limb.
