Paper 1 Wrong Questions Flashcards
(19 cards)
How could a psychologist maintain confidentiality when reporting a case study?
Make sure the participant is not identifiable by using initials. For example, KF or HM.
Outline one technique which the psychologist could use in this case study
Interview the boys family members to find out circumstances of his early life.
Explain one or more limitations of using case studies
One limitation is that it is difficult to generalise to other individuals because the individual’s experience is unique to themselves
What is meant by the term case study?
An in depth, ideographic study of one person or group, over time, in the real world.
Explain how this study could be modified by using a matched pairs design
- This is when different participants take part in each condition, but are matched on key variables
- Each person in one condition should have a matched person in the other condition
- All participants should be pre-tested for key variables
What is an advantage of the independent groups design?
It removes demand characteristics as participants are only aware of one condition
Write a debriefing that the psychologist would read out to the participants in condition A (independent design)
- Outline the aim of the study
- Explain the results of the study
- Explain any ethical issues ( tell them they have the right to withdraw data, ask if any psychological harm was caused)
- Let them be aware of the second condition (condition B) which also took part in the study (independent groups study) and their results
A head teacher wanted to increase recycling in his school. He arranged for the canteen to have three bins, one for plastic and one for food waste. A month later a psychology teacher decided to see if the students were recycling. One lunch break she watched three different students going to the bins. Each time, she wrote down which of the three types of waste they recycled. She positioned herself so that the students could not see her but so that she had a clear view of the bin.
a. What sampling technique did the teacher use to record her observations?
Event sampling. The teacher recorded each time one of the three items was collected.
A head teacher wanted to increase recycling in his school. He arranged for the canteen to have three bins, one for plastic and one for food waste. A month later a psychology teacher decided to see if the students were recycling. One lunch break she watched three different students going to the bins. Each time, she wrote down which of the three types of waste they recycled. She positioned herself so that the students could not see her but so that she had a clear view of the bin.
Explain one way in which the design of this observation could have been improved
More observers and observe at more lunch times.
How might observation research be improved by conducting observations in a controlled environment ?
It is a controlled environment therefore extraneous variables are removed or controlled.
This allows for greater inferences about cause and effect.
Observations can be easily be replicated to check the reliability of observations.
Give one advantage of using observation in psychological research
Psychologists can look at the way people truly behave, with them being unaware they are being watched. This means they are not susceptible to demand characteristics.
What is Primary Data
Data collected by participants first hand rather than gathered from reports or previous studies
What is a strength of Primary data?
It increases a studies relevancy and accuracy because it focuses on the purpose of the research
What is a strength of Repeated Measures ?
Controls individual differences/extraneous variables so that the researcher can be more certain that the effect is not due to characteristics such as gender, personality.
Explain what the value of ‘S’ means
The least common difference (+/-)
Explain how you arrive at the S value
- Convert the outcomes a study to signs, either + or -
- The S value is the least common sign
Explain why statistical testing is used in psychological testing
- It determines the likelihood that the relationship researchers have found has occurred due to chance
What bias arises if there is a overt observation?
Observer bias as the observer is not hidden and the participants are aware they are being watched.
One advantage of a stratified sample
It ensures true representation as the target population is divided into subgroups based on relevant characteristics and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup in proportion to their presence in the population. It makes sure all over or under represented groups are included, ensuring confident generalisability.
