PAPER 2 SOCIOLOGISTS

Question 1

Who argued postmodern idea of free leisure ignores financial constraints?

Answer 1

Scraton & Bramham

Question 2

Who argued ageism is reinforced through institutionalised practices and it’s difficult to find a job for those made redundant after 50?

Answer 2

Ginn & Garber

Question 3

Who argued high culture is often turned into products for sale → there’s no longer anything special about art, it’s incorporated into daily life?

Answer 3

Giddings

Question 4

Who argud whilst family and religion remained important to young muslim women, they also emphasised the value of career and education?

Answer 4

Butler

Question 5

Who argued white youth often follow black culture in their consumption?

Answer 5

Doward

Question 6

Who argued youth subcultures are replaced by media-generated taste-based club/music cultures?

Answer 6

Thornton

Question 7

Who argued lack of disabled in the media leads to no one challenging stereotypes?

Answer 7

Wood

Question 8

Who argued American fast-food brands promote standardised culture across communities?

Answer 8

Ritzer

Question 9

Who argued ‘performing self’ - buying goods to show what kind of person you are?

Answer 9

Susman

Question 10

Who argued high culture is seen as pursuit of perfection by a sophisticated minority?

Answer 10

Arnold (elite theory)

Question 11

Who found that disabled children has as high self-worth as able bodied?

Answer 11

Antle

Question 12

Who argued socialisation requires social interaction (e.g. learning empathy) and parents have realityve freedom in what they teach their children?

Answer 12

Handel

Question 13

Who argued the term ‘lifestyle’ suggests constructing identity through what you buy?

Answer 13

Day

Question 14

Who argued there’s no fixed definition of anything → impossible to tell if reality is distorted?

Answer 14

Philo

Question 15

Who found that most articles focused on othering muslims or covering terrorism?

Answer 15

Moore

Question 16

Who argued society resembles a shopping mall where people have choice in consumpion?

Answer 16

Taylor

Question 17

Who argued American cultural imperialism is due to concentration of media ownership?

Answer 17

McChesney

Question 18

Who argued culture is a product of biology because sharing cultural experience is based on genetic to continue life?

Answer 18

Morris

Question 19

Who argued ‘runaway world’ whereby issues in one country affect another?

Answer 19

Giddens

Question 20

Which organisation found that digital divide between developed and developing nations is worsening?

Answer 20

The World Economic Forum

Question 21

Who argued there’s an explosion in product placments?

Answer 21

Homer

Question 22

Who argued relationships between journalists and ministers lead to shared culture?

Answer 22

Blumer and Gurevitch

Question 23

Who argued during 2012 Olympics only 4.5% of articles related to women’s sports?

Answer 23

Packer

Question 24

Who argued media content supports the interests of the ruling class, because middle class journalists think the agenda appeals to all?

Answer 24

GUMG

Question 25

Who argued MTV, CNN and Hollywood films ensure the westernisation of developing world?

Answer 25

Williams

Question 26

Which organisation found that gay characters are portrayed in x% of programmes and a lot of these portrayals are negative?

Answer 26

Stonewall - 5%

Question 27

Who argued men are more likely to use email / play video games?

Answer 27

Li and Kirkup

Question 28

Who argued media corporations monopolise new media via mergers, takeovers and alliances → no democracy?

Answer 28

Cornford & Robins

Question 29

Who argued new media is full of unethical culture and practices?

Answer 29

Keeble & Mair

Question 30

Who argued most see smartphones as the extension of self: it's commodity fethishism - the idea that pop culture products enhance life?

Answer 30

Turkle

Question 31

Who argued there's an increase in articles linking disability to benefit scrounging?

Answer 31

Briant

Question 32

Who argued boys are more likely to play video games, expressing their anger and stress?

Answer 32

Olson

Question 33

Who argued global culture and society have become more democratic because users produce culture themselves → media has become a shared global culture?

Answer 33

Jenkins and Shirky

Question 34

Who defined culture as everything transmitted socially rather than biologically?

Answer 34

Marshall

Question 35

Who argued children are able to distinguish between real life and cartoon violence?

Answer 35

Millwood and Gargrave

Question 36

Which organisation found that x% of videos about Covid in 2020 contained false information?

Answer 36

BMG Global Health - 25%

Question 37

Who argued lesbianism is invisible in mainstream media?

Answer 37

Batchelor

Question 38

Who argued there's no progress in acquiring digital skills and those who lack access to the internet experience social exclusion?

Answer 38

Livingstone and Wang

Question 39

Who argued 5 minute exposure to thin images result in low self-esteem?

Answer 39

Banyard

Question 40

Who argued locals don't abandon their cultural traditions because they watch a Disney film. Instead they pick n mix aspects of global culture?

Answer 40

Cohen and Kennedy

Question 41

Who argued globalisation of communication has led to all consumers of global media to become both: citizens of the world and their locality?

Answer 41

Thompson

Question 42

Who argued the reporting of race disturbances is called 'riots' to imply that it is criminal and negatively depict ethnic minorities?

Answer 42

Back

Question 43

Who argued there aren't many dramas focusing on the lives of the working class despite them being a significant section of society?

Answer 43

Newman

Question 44

Which charity outlined elderly are underrepresented and tend to be portrayed as: mentally challenged, burden, grumpy?

Answer 44

Age Concern

Question 45

Who found that male characters speak twice as much as female?

Answer 45

Rennick

Question 46

Who argued media focuses very positively on wealthy's lifestyles?

Answer 46

Newman

Question 47

Who argued media focuses on disability over personality?

Answer 47

Cumberbatch & Negrine

Question 48

Who argued global consumerist culture as a result of western dominance spreading outside the borders? Also, global capitalist elite

Answer 48

Sklair

Question 49

Who found Asians didn't feel comfortable identifying as British?

Answer 49

Modood

Question 50

Who argued internet generates political activism, advancing politics and rejuvinating civil society?

Answer 50

Seaton

Question 51

Who argued South Asian families emphasised the importance of loyalty to the family and religion, teaching their children obedience and discipline?

Answer 51

Ghuman

Question 52

Who argued material goods are the extension of self, symbolising what kind of person you are?

Answer 52

Dittmar

Question 53

Whose research revealed that women’s leisure is often combined with childcare and patriarchy restricted women’s leisure to that approved by men?

Answer 53

Deem