Parasitology Flashcards
(268 cards)
1
Q
living together a phylogenetically different organisms
A
symbiosis
2
Q
beneficial to both organisms
A
mutualism
3
Q
beneficial to one organism, neutral to the other
A
commensalism
4
Q
beneficial to an organism harmful to the other
A
parasitism
5
Q
harbors the adult or sexual stage of a parasite
A
definitive
6
Q
harbors the larval or asexual stage of a parasite
A
intermediate
7
Q
harbors a parasite that does not develop but remains alive and is infective to the next host
A
paratenic
8
Q
allows the parasites life cycle to continue and serves as a source of human infection
A
reservoir
9
Q
depends entirely upon its host for existence
A
obligate
10
Q
capable of parasitic and free living existence
A
facultative
11
Q
larval stage is passed in a host while the adult is free living
A
transitory
12
Q
completes its life cycle in one host for all stages
A
permanent
13
Q
requires one or two more host for the larval and adult stages
A
periodic
14
Q
primarily infects animals and may be acquired by man
A
zoonotic
15
Q
occurs in an unusual host
A
accidental
16
Q
occurs in an unusual organ or habitat
A
erratic
17
Q
passes through the intestinal tract without causing any disturbance
A
spurious or coprozoic
18
Q
lives inside the body of a host; invasion is called infection
A
endoparasite
19
Q
lives on body surfaces; invasion is called infestation
A
ectoparasite
20
Q
visits the host only during feeding time
A
intermittent
21
Q
a type of vector that transmits a parasite only after the latter has completed part of its development
A
biologic vector
22
Q
type of vector that’s not essential in the parasites life cycle and is responsible only for transporting the parasite
A
mechanical/phoretic
23
Q
parasites transmitted by mosquitoes
A
plasmodium spp., wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi
24
Q
parasites transmitted by biting flies
A
leishmania spp., trypanosoma brucei other filariae
25
parasite transmitted by kissing bugs
trypanosoma cruzi
26
parasite transmitted by ticks
babesia spp.
27
parasites transmitted by cockroaches and houseflies
mechanical vectors of ascaris lumbricoides and other enteric parasites
28
binomial system of nomenclature that represents the taxon to which the species belongs first letter is capitalized
genus
29
binomial system of nomenclature in which the trivial name that distinguishes the species within the genus
specific epithet
30
phylums under protozoa which are unicellular eukaryotes
phylum sarcomastigophora - amoebae flagellates
phylum ciliophora - ciliates
phylum apicomplexa - coccidians/sporozoans (non-motile)
31
other unicellular parasites
blastocystis spp.
microsporidians
pneumocystis jirovecii
32
phylums in helminths
phylum nemathelminthes
phylum platyhelminthes
33
classes in arthropods
class arachnida
class insecta
class crustacea
34
what's the clearance period of:
- antacids, antidiarrheals, barium bismuth, laxatives
- antimicrobial agents
- gallbladder dyes
7-10 days
2-3 weeks
3 weeks
35
amount of stool needed for:
- routine ova and parasite
- liquid or watery stool
2 to 5 g
5 to 6 teaspoons
36
number of specimens examined for stool?
three specimens collected on separate days within 10 days
37
maximum time between collection and examination for liquid, soft/semi-formed specimens and formed specimens
liquid: 30 mins
soft/semi: 1 hr
formed: 24 hrs
38
beyond 1 hour the stool must be ____
and for longer preservation must need to be preserved using what system?
ratio of stool to preservative?
refrigerated for up to 24 hours
2-vial system (1 formalin; 1 PVA)
1:3 and well immersed
39
fixative used for WM, CT and IA
an all purpose fixative
10% formalin
40
fixative used for WM & CT
fix and stain
MIF (merthiolate iodine formalin)
41
fixative used for WM, CT, PS, IA
used for permanent stains
SAF (sodium acetate acetic acid formalin)
42
fixatives used for PS only
Schaudinn's fluid
polyvinyl alcohol
modified PVA
43
macroscopic examination for stool:
- color/appearance
- consistency
- macroscopic structures
- brown - normal; black/tarry - upper GI bleeding; mucoid/bloody - dysentery
- determines the sensitivity of egg counting techniques; gives clues on parasites stages present
- adult worms, scolices, proglottids
44
decreased sensitivity for O adn P examination and is prepared by mixing 2 mg with a drop of 0.85% saline
useful in the detection of motile protozoan trophozoites, helminth eggs and larvae
what is the stain that can be used for this technique?
wet mount or direct fecal smear
iodine
45
concentration techniques
formalin-ether concentration technique
acid-ether concentration technique
46
concentration technique that could be used in specimen preserved in formalin, MIF or SAF
what is the purpose of each composition?
formalin-ether concentration technique
formalin - fixative
ether/ethyl acetate - saponifies fats
47
a CT that uses 40% HCl to remove precipitates albuminous/nucleoidal substances recommended for animal parasite, trichuris, capillaria and schistosoma eggs
acid-ether concentration technique
48
flotation procedures
Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation
Brine's flotation
Sheather's flotation
49
33% ZnSO4 with SG of ___ for processing fresh feces
- it is adjusted to __ when formalin is used
is cleaner than FECT but unreliable for some eggs
Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation
1.18
1.2
50
uses saturated salt solution with a specific gravity of 1.2; no centrifugation is required; not applicable for operculate and thin-shelled eggs
Brine's flotation
51
uses boiled sugar solution preserved with phenol preferred for concentrating coccidian or oocyst
Sheather's flotation
52
stains used for permanent staining
iron hematoxylin
Wheatley's trichrome
modified trichrome
modified acid-fast stain
53
these are mistaken as:
neutrophils
mite eggs
pollen grains
yeast/fungal elements
mature E. histolytica cyst
hookworm egg
taenia or ascaris eggs
leishmania amastigotes
54
50 to 60 mg stool placed over a glass slide covered with cellophane that has been soaked in a mixture of glycerin and malachite green
kato thick
(for mass stool exam)
55
useful for assessing worm burden and monitoring the efficacy of antihelminthics especially in cases of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths
what techniques are under this?
egg counting techniques;
kato-katz
stoll dilution
Faust-Malloney egg hatching technique
56
a modification of the kato thick method which uses a measured amount of storage has been sieved through a wire mesh
Kato-Katz
57
factors for Kato Katz
1.5x6mm = 24
1x9mm = 20
0.5x6.5mm = 50
58
makes use of calibrated flask and Stoll pipettes; diluent used is 0.1N naoh
Stoll dilution
59
used to determine the severity of schistosoma infection
Faust-Meleney egg hatching technique
60
stool culture methods
copro culture
Harada-Mori or test tube culture method
61
uses moist and soil or granulated charcoal; larvae or harvested using the Baermann technique
copro culture
62
involves applying positive stool to a filter paper strip and placing it into a tube with distilled water for 10 days at 25-30 deg
Harada-Mori or test tube culture method
63
- used to detect eggs of E. vermicularis
- for the diagnosis of amoebiasis
- are useful for the recovery of G. lamblia, C. parvum and S. stercoralis; contact time is 4 hours and the collected material must be analyzed within 1 hr
perianal swab
sigmoidoscopy
entero test
64
-anticoagulated blood must be delivered to the laboratory within 30 minutes and must be processed within 1 hour; EDTA>heparin
- timing of collection for malaria is ______ and filariasis depends on ____
for blood specimen collection
before the next anticipated fever strike; the periodicity
65
uses two to five small drops of blood which is mixed to form circular smear and is dehemoglobinized before staining; used for rapid diagnosis
thick blood smear
66
smear is thick at one and then thin and feathery on the other end fixed with alcohol prior to staining and is used for species identification
thin blood smear
67
formula for thick and thin smear
thick: parasites/uL blood = (parasites/wbc counted) x wbc count per uL or 8k wbcs
thin: % parasitemia = (parasitized RBCs/total RBCs counted) x 100
68
stains used for blood parasites
giemsa, wright's, delafield hematoxylin & kawamoto technique
69
uses capillary tube pre-coated with acridine orange which the parasite's DNA takes up. It uses a ___ microscope
quantitative buffy coat; fluorescence
70
concentration techniques:
a. uses 10mL of 10% formalin followed by centri
b. blood is lysed with 10 mL ditilled water in a syringe with a 5-um membrane filter attached
a. Knott's concentration
b. membrane filtration
71
specimen used for the demonstration of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba trophozoites, trypomastigotes adn cysticerci
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
72
specimen used to examine T. vaginalis trophozoites, S. haematobium ova and rarely W. bancrofti microfilariae
urogenital tract specimens
73
specimen used for demontration P. westermani ova, migrating helmith larvae, E. histolytica trophozoites and Pneumocystis jirovecii
sputum or BAL
74
in antigen detection:
organisms that are present in stool specimen are:
E. histolytica, G. lamblia, C. parvum
LFA, DFA, EIA
75
in antigen detection:
organism that are present in vaginal swab specimen is:
T vaginalis
LFA, DFA
76
in antigen detection:
organisms that are present in blood specimen are:
Plasmodium spp., P. falciparum
LFA
77
in antibody detection:
organisms that are present in serum specimen are:
Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium spp., toxoplasma gondii, wuchereria bancrofti, trichinella spiralis, schistosoma spp, T. solium, E. granulosus
78
SFDT or Sabin-Feldman dye test is used for?
COPT or circumoval precipitin test is used for?
- detects toxoplasmosis, it uses live T. gondii (+0 if it remains unstained (GOLD STD for T. gondii)
- detects S. japonicum (or schistosoma eggs) using live eggs, (+) it blebs/precipitate around the eggs
79
molecular diagnosis: PCR
what involves detection of amplicons using gel electrophoresis?
which uses fluorophores to enable detection of amplicons as they are produced?
common target?
- conventional PCR
- Real time PCR
- rDNA
80
waht are the steps and temp required for each one:
a. separation of template DNA to single strands
b. binding of primers specific for each target strand sequence
c. addition of deoxyribonucleotidees to produce new strands
a. denaturation - 94degC
b. annealing - 50-65degC
c. extension or elongation - 72degC
81
E. histolytica
(cyst morphology)
only pathogenic and invasive, hallmark-RBC ingestion,
spherical, 1-4 nuclei, CB: elongate bars with bluntly rounded ends "cigar-shaped" (+histolytica, dispar, hartmanni - small race)
82
Entamoeba coli
(cyst morphology)
has the most no. of nuclei (1-8), spherical or oval,
CB: broom stick appearance or splinter-like with pointed/rough ends
83
Endolimax nana
(cyst morphology)
cross-eyed cyst, has sluggish motion, dwarf internal slug
oval, 4 nuclei, CB: small, round, oval
84
Iodamoeba butschlii
(cyst morphology)
uninucleate, with inclusion mass
irregular, 1 nucleus, CB: none but with glycogen vacuole (stains with iodine)
85
E. histolytica
(troph morphology)
Karyosome: small, discrete, central
peripheral chromatin: fine, uniform, evently distributed granules (+hartmanni & dispar)
cytoplasmic inclusion: bacteria (dispar & hartmanni) ingested rBC (histo only)
86
Entamoeba coli
(troph morphology)
K: large and eccentric
PC: coarse and regular
CI: bacteria, yeast, other
87
Endolimax nana
(troph morphology)
K: large, irregular, or blot-like
CI: bacteria
88
Iodamoeba butschlii
(troph morphology)
K: central/peripheral; surrounded with achromatic granules basket nucleus
CI: bac, yeast, other
89
Entamoeba gingivalis
(troph morphology)
K: central and distinct
Ci: food vacuoles, WBCs
90
infective stage of E.histolytica and MOT
mature cyst; ingestion
91
flask shaped ulcers in the colon?
incubation period and symptomps of acute symptomatic intestinal amebiasis?
amoebic ulcers
2-5 days, presents with bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain
92
Free living amoebae
naegleria fowleri
acanthamoeba spp.
balamuthia mandrillaris
93
naeglaeria fowleri vs acanthamoeba spp. (CYST)
NF: 7-15 um, not in tissues, small round, uninucleated double walled with smooth outer wall
AS: 10-25um present in tissues; large, uninucleate, couble walled with wrinkled outer wall
94
naeglaeria fowleri vs acanthamoeba spp. (TROPH)
NF: central nucelolus,finely granulated cytoplasm. biphasic: amoeboid (with pseudopods); flagellate (2 anterior flagella); rapidly motile
AS: large, spiny filiform pseudopods, no flagelate form and slowly motile
95
naeglaeria fowleri vs acanthamoeba spp.
diseases caused and diagnostic stages:
NF: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis; trophozoites
AS: granulomatous amoebic encephalitis; cysts and troph
96
CYST MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
G. lamblia
OVAL; 4 nuclei, axoneme, parabasal bodies, remnants of flagella
97
CYST MORPH: intestinal and atrial flagellates
C. mesnili
LEMON/NIPPLE; 1 nuclei, cytosome with curved fibril referred to as Shepherd's crook fibril
98
CYST MORPH: intestinal and atrial flagellates
E. hominis
ELLIPSOIDAL; 2 or 4 nuclei, bipolar arrangement of nuclei, resemles E. nana cyst
99
CYST MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
R. intestinalis
OVOID; 1 nuclei, cytosome extends above nucleus (bird's beak) - resembles C. mesnili cyst
100
TROPH MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
G. lamblia
2 nuc, 8 flagella, falling leaf motility; prominent sucking dics and axostyle
101
TROPH MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
C. mesnili
1 nuc, 3 anterior flag & 1 fibril, cork screw/spiral jerky; prominent cytosome with spiral groove
102
TROPH MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
E. hominis
1 nuc, 4 flag, jerky; one side of body flattened
103
TROPH MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
R. intestinalis
1 nuc, 2 flag, jerky; cytosome extends 1/2 the length of the body
104
TROPH MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
D. fragilis
1 or 2 (80%) nuc, no flag, amoeboid, multiple hyaline, leaf-like pseudopodia, framented tetrakaryosom
105
TROPH MORPH: intestial and atrial flagellates
P. hominis, T. tenax, T. vaginalis
1 nuc, 5 flag, rapid jerky, tumbling; undulating membrane, axostyle extends beyond the organism's body, cytoplasmic granules
106
PATHOLOGY:
Giardia lamblia
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas vaginalis
- giardiasis/traveller's diarrhea (homosexual men with gay bowel syndrome)
- intermittent diarrheae, nausea, vomitting, abdominal pain
- causes non-specific vaginitis, urethritis or prostatitits
107
HEMOFLAGELLATES:
Leishmania spp. MOT, vector, IS, DS, habitat?
MOT: skin inoc by promastigotes (IS), sandflies, (phlebotomus/lutzomiya)
DIAG: amastigotes
HAB: lymphoid tissues of the skin, mucous mem, visceral organs
108
HEMOFLAGELLATES:
Trypanosoma brucei complex MOT, vector, IS, DS, habitat?
MOT: skin inoc by metacyclic/metacystic trypomastigote, tsetse fly (glossina)
DIAG: trypomastigote
HAB: blood, lymph, csf
109
HEMOFLAGELLATES:
Trypanosoma cruzi MOT, vector, IS, DS, habitat?
MOT: indirect inoc, of metacyclic/metacystic trypomastigotes, from feces of kissing reduviid bugs/triatomine bugs
DIAG: amastigotes, trypomastigotes
HAB: ECs, muscle and nervous tissues
110
developmental stages of hemoflagellates: PAMET
for Leishmania?
for T brucei?
for T cruzi?
promastigote, amastigote, metacyclic trypomastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote (PAMET)
Leish: PA (P is IS)
T. bru: MET (M is IS)
T. cru: AMET (M is IS)
111
PATHOLOGY:
cutaneous leishmaniasis agents and specimen used
OLD WORLD: L. tropica, L. major
NEW WORLD: L. mexicana
spx: skin biopsy from margin of ulcer
112
PATHOLOGY:
muco-cutenous leishmaniasis
agent: L. braziliensis (disfiguring, leprosy-like),
spx: skin and mucosal biopsy
~ sign: espundia or tapir's nose
113
PATHOLOGY:
visceral leishmaniasis
(other names: __)
OLD: L. donovani
NEW: L. chagasi
spx: tissues aspirates or biopsy
other names: black fever, Kala-Azar, Dumdum fever
114
PATHOLOGY:
African Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Sickness
West African: T. brucei gambiense (chronic)
East African: T. brucei rhodesiense (acute)
manif: trypanosome chancre, swelling in the neck (Winterbottom sign)
spx: blood, LN aspirate, CSF
115
PATHOLOGY:
new world or American Trypanosomiasis
agent: T. cruzi
manif: lesions at inoculum, Romana (sweeling around eyes), Chagome (swelling in other sites)
spx: blood, biopsy from affected organs
116
other parasites:
Balantidium coli habitat, MOT and disease caused
-parasite of pigs; large intestine,
MOT: ingestion causing balantidiasis/balantidial dysentery
117
other parasites:
Cryptosporidium parvum habitat, MOT and disease caused
- oocyst is immediately infective; in brush border of small intestine
MOT: ingestion of mature/sporolated oocysts causing cryptosporidiosis
118
other parasites:
Cytoisospora belli habitat, MOT and disease caused
- in SI
MOT: ingestion of mature/sporolated oocysts causing cytosporiasis
119
other parasites:
Cyclospora cayetanensis habitat, MOT and disease caused
- cyanobacterium-like body; in SI
MOT: ingestion of mature/sporolated oocysts causing cyclosporiasis
120
other parasites:
Sarcocystis hominis and S. suihominis habitat, MOT and disease caused
- in SI
MOT: ingestion of sarcocyst from undercooked meat
causes tissue sarcocytosis
121
other parasites:
Sarcocystis lindemanni habitat, MOT and disease caused
- in muscle
MOT: accidental ingestion of mature/sporolated eggs
causes tissue sarcocystis
(man is dead end IH, cat and dogs as DH)
122
other parasites:
Blastocystis hominis habitat, MOT and disease caused
- in SI
MOT: ingestion of thick walled cyst and is asymptomatic
123
other parasites:
Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi
- in SI
MOT: ingestion/inhalation of spores causing diarrheal dse in immunocompromised ptx
124
MALARIAL PARASITE:
P. falciparum (RBC age, appearance of RBC, stipplig, stages, length of cycle and dse caused)
- all rbc stages, normal rbc appearance, Maurer's dots, rings and gametocytes, 36-48 hrs, causes Malignant tertian malaria
125
MALARIAL PARASITE:
P. vivax (RBC age, appearance of RBC, stipplig, stages, length of cycle and dse caused)
- young rbcs, larger, pale ad oval to normal rbc, Schuffner's dots, all stages, 48 hrs, causes Benign tertian malaria
126
MALARIAL PARASITE:
P. ovale (RBC age, appearance of RBC, stipplig, stages, length of cycle and dse caused)
- young rbcs, larger, oval and may have fimbriated edges, Schauffner's/James dots, all stages, 48 hrs, causes Ovale tertian malaria
127
MALARIAL PARASITE:
P. malariae (RBC age, appearance of RBC, stipplig, stages, length of cycle and dse caused)
mature rbcs, size small or N, all stages, 72 hrs causes Quartan malaria
128
hallmarks for plasmodium trophs
P. falciparum and P. malariae
- young has chromatin dots like headphones; microgametocyte is sausage shaped; macrogametocyte is cresent shaped
- mature troph for malariae has band form; schizont is in rosette formation
129
incubation time of malaria?
what is its classical sign?
what species might cause relapse?
8-40 days
paroxysm
vivax and ovale thru hypnozoites
130
periodicity of malaria:
what are they called if 24 hrs? 48? 72?
maifestation of falciparum
resistant to sickle cell trait? duffy neg?
Quotidian = 24; tertian = 48; quartan = 72
blackwater fever, anemia, cerebral malaria
sickle: falciparum; duffy: vivax
131
what is the Simian/5th human malaria?
its young forms resemble who? mature forms?
P. knowlesi
young: falciparum; mature: malariae
132
intraerythrocytic parasites that resemble Plasmodium spp.
whats the IH and DH, MOT, diagnostic stage and dse caused?
Babesia spp.
DH: ticks (Ixodes spp.); IH: rodent (man accidental)
MOT: ski inoc of sporozoites by ticks OR blood transfusio OR organ transplant
DIAG: pear-shaped ring forms, tetrads/maltese cross
DSE: Babesiosis/Piroplasmosis (red water fever in cattles)
giemsa is used for staining in babesia
133
Toxoplasma gondii:
whats the IH and DH, MOT, diagnostic stage and dse caused?
DH: cat; IH: rodent/bird
MOT: ingestion of tissue cyst from infected meat; ingestion oocyst of cat species, transplacental (TORCH), blood transf
DIAG: serology as primary techinque
DSE: toxoplasmosis
134
cylindrical, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical bodies non-hermaphroditic
nematodes
135
characteristic of males and female nematodes
females: smaller, shorter with coiled tail end and except hookworms
males: larger,longer with straight tail end
136
definition of oviparous, ovo-viviparous and viviparous
O: produce unembryonated eggs (external embyonation)
~ A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, Hookworms
OV: fully embyonated eggs (internal)
~ S. stercoralis, E. vermicularis
V: dont lay eggs but fully dev' larvae
~ T. spiralis, filarial worms, D. medinensis, D. immitis
137
unholy trinity
most common helminth infx in the world
3rd most common roundworm of humans
largest intestinal nematode
parasite that can produce 2 types of egg
T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides & Hookworms
E. vermicularis
T. trichiura
A. lumbricoides
C. philippinensis
138
diagnostic stage and infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis
DS: rhabditiform larvae
IS: filariform larvae
~ it can migrate to other organs
139
diagnostic stage and infective stage of Capillaria philippinesis
where does the egg get embryonated?
DS: unembryonated eggs in the feces; embryonated eggs in host
IS: larvae in fish (IH)
eggs embyonate in water
140
NEMATODES:
E. vermicularis common name, DS, MOT/IS
pinworm/seatworm
DS: embryonated eggs
MOT/IS: hand to mouth or inhalation
141
NEMATODES:
T. trichiura common name, DS, MOT/IS
whipworm
DS: unembryonated eggs
MOT: ingestion from contaminated sources
- they dont go lung migration
142
NEMATODES:
A. lumbricoides common name, DS, MOT/IS
giant intestinal roundworm
DS: eggs (ferti and unferti)
MOT: ingestion from contaminated sources
- can migrate to lung
143
NEMATODES: common name, DS, MOT/IS
N. americanus
A. duodenale
A. ceylanicum
new world hookworm, old world hook worm, zoonotic hookworm
DS: unembryonated eggs
MOT: skin penetration by filariform larvae
- can migrate to lung
144
NEMATODES:
Strongyloides stercoralis common name, DS, MOT/IS
threadworm
DS: rhabditiform larvae (eggs laid in SI)
MOT: skin penetration by filariform larvae
- can migrate to lung
145
NEMATODES:
Capillaria philippinensis common name, DS, MOT/IS
Pudoc worm
DS: unembryonated eggs
MOT: ingestion of infective larvae from fish (need fish as IH)
146
NEMATODE MORPH:
colorless, D-shaped, lopsided, planoconvex, contain a fully developed larva
E. vermicularis egg
147
NEMATODE MORPH:
whitish, cuticular alar explansion/cephalic alae prominent esophageal bulb
E. vermicularis adult
148
NEMATODE MORPH:
yellow to brown, barrel, football, lemon, or Japanese lantern-shaped with rounded bipolar plugs
T. trichiura egg
149
NEMATODE MORPH:
pinkish gray, whip-like with slender anterior 2/3; esophagus is lined by stichocytes
T. trichiura adult
150
NEMATODE MORPH:
fertilized: yellow brown, round or ovoidal , thick shell with 3 layers
unfertilized: elongated, shell often very thin and may be decorticated
A. lumbricoides egg
151
NEMATODE MORPH:
pink or white; superficially resembles an earthworm
mouth of male and female adult has trilobate lips
A. lumbricoides adult
152
NEMATODE MORPH:
oval or ellipsoidal with a thin colorless shell with grayish cells
Hookworm eggs
153
NEMATODE MORPH:
characteristic dental pattern of:
N. americanus: ____
A. duodenale: ____
N: pair of semilunar cutting plates
A: 2 pairs of teeth
154
MORPH OF HOOKWORMS:
rhabditiform larva of hookworm vs S. stercoralis
H: 240 um, buccal cav is longer; genital primord is small
S: 225 um, buccal is short; genital pirmord is large
155
MORPH OF HOOKWORMS:
filariform larva of hookworm vs S. stercoralis
H: 700 um, length ofgf esoph short, sheath is present, tail end is pointed
S: 550 um, lenght of esoph long, sheath is absent, tail end is forked/notched/bifid
156
PATHOLOGY:
pruritus ani caused by femaile migration; insomnia and restlessness
enterobiasis
157
PATHOLOGY:
few or no symptoms, heavy infections may cause mild anemia and rectal prolapse due to mucosal bleeding
trichiuriasis
158
PATHOLOGY:
intestinal: pneumonitis or Loeffler's syndrome; allergy and peripheral eosinophilia; ectopic ___
Ascariasis
159
PATHOLOGY:
cutaneous: ground itch
pulmonary: Loeffler's Syndrome
Intestinal: obstruction of bile duct, airway, GI blood loss leading to IDA
Hookworm infection
160
PATHOLOGY:
cutaneous: larva migrans
pulmonary: loeffler's syndrome
intestinal: diarrhea or malabsorption
strongyloidiasis
161
PATHOLOGY:
abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea nad peculiar abdominal gurgling sound
Capillariasis
162
FILARIAL WORM:
Wuchereria bancrofti arthropod vector, habitat and dse
mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia spp.);
lower lymphatics
lymphedema of the limbs, scrotum or breast (elephantiasis)
163
FILARIAL WORM:
Brugia malayi arthropod vector, habitat and dse
mosquitoes (Mansonia spp.)
upper lymphatics
elephantic lesions in the upper limbs
164
FILARIAL WORM:
Loa loa arthropod vector, habitat and dse
deerflies/mangoflies (Chrysops spp.) - doesnt cause blindness
subcutaneous tissues, eyes
Calabar or fugitive swelling
165
FILARIAL WORM:
Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi arthropod vector, habitat and dse
midges (Cullicoides spp.)
body cavities, mesenteries
generally asymptomatic
166
FILARIAL WORM:
Mansonella streptocerca arthropod vector, habitat and dse
midges (Cullicoides spp.)
dermis/skin
pruritic papules
167
FILARIAL WORM:
Onchocerca volvulus arthropod vector, habitat and dse
blackflies (Simullum spp.)
subcutaneous tissues; eyes (blinding filaria)
Onchocercoma (skin nodules), river blindness
168
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: present
Nuclei in tip: ABSENT
periodicity: nocturnal periodic (10pm to 2am)
W. bancrofti
169
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: present
Nuclei in tip: 2 distinct terminal nuclei
periodicity: sub-periodic (night>day)
B. malayi
170
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: present
Nuclei in tip: PRESENT
periodicity: diurnal periodic (day)
Loa loa
171
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: absent
Nuclei in tip: present
periodicity: non-periodic
M. perstans
172
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: absent
Nuclei in tip: absent
periodicity: non-periodic
M. ozzardi
173
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: absent
Nuclei in tip: present (Shepherd's crook)
periodicity: N/A (not in peripheral blood)
M. streptocerca
174
FILARIAL WORM MORPH:
Sheath: absent
Nuclei in tip: absent
periodicity: N/A (not in peripheral blood)
Onchocerca volvulus
175
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
pork muscle roundworm
adult: SI; larva: skeletal muscle
MOT: ingestion of encysted larvae
Trichinella spiralis
trichinosis
176
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
guinea worm/sepent dragon worm
site: gravid female inhabits subcutaneous tissues of lower limbs
MOT: ingestion of L3 from copepods
Dracunculus medinensis
dracontiasis
177
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
rat lung worm
site: brain
MOT: ingestion of L3 from mollusks
Parastrongylus cantonensis
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
178
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
--
site: abdominal cavity
MOT: ingestion of L3 from mollusks
Parastrongylus costaricensis
abdominal angiostrongyliasis
179
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
??
site: liver
MOT: ingestion of embryonated eggs
Capillaria hepatica
hepatic capillairasis or spurious infection
180
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
dog roundworm/dog ascaris
site: visceral organs, eyes
MOT: ingestion of embryonated eggs
Toxocara canis
visceral or ocular larva migrans
181
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
cat roundworm/cat ascaris
site: visceral organs, eyes
MOT: ingestion of embryonated eggs
Toxocara cati
visceral or ocular larva migrans
182
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
dog hookworm
site: skin and subcutaneous tissues
MOT: skin penetration of filariform larvae
what teeth do they have
Ancylostoma caninum
cutaenous larva migrans/creeping eruption
3 pairs of teeth
183
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
cat hookworm
site: skin and subcutaneous tissues
MOT: skin penetration of filariform larvae
what teeth do they have?
Ancylostoma braziliense
cutaenous larva migrans/creeping eruption
pair of large ventral teeth
184
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
pseudohookworm/HIV of herbivores
site: SI
MOT: ingestion of filariform larvae
Trichostrongylus spp.
usually asymptomatic
185
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
dog heartworm
site: lung
MOT: skin inoculation of L3 by mosquitoes
Dirofilaria immitis
granulomatous nodules in the lungs
(x-ray presents coin lesions)
186
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
herringworm
site: stomach and SI
MOT: ingestion of infective larvae
Anisakis spp.
Anisakiasis
187
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
racoon roundworm
site: visceral organs, eyes, brain
MOT: ingestion of embryonated eggs
Baylisascaris procyonis
Baylisascariasis (VLM, OLM, and NLM)
visceral, ocular and neural
188
MISC NEMATODES: parasite and dse caused?
--
site: skin and deeper tissues
MOT: ingestion of
L3 from 2nd IH or paratenic host
Gnathostoma spinigerum
gnasthostimiasis (Yangtze edema or Chokofishi disease)
189
TREMATODES:
are unsegmented, bilaterally symmertrical bodies
has oral and ventral sucekrs
the only non-hermaphroditic in trematodes
~ male: thicker with gynecophoric canal/groove
~ female: ovo-viviparous
diecious flukes
190
TREMATODES:
leaf-like unsegmented bodies; oral and ventral suckers; hermaphroditic; oviparous or ovo-viviparous
monoecious flukes
191
TREMATODES:
diecious vs monoecious
eggs, infective stage, MOT, hosts, habitat
DI: mature, embyonated, non-operculate eggs; IS is cercaria by skin penetration; needs 2 hosts (IH-snail and DH-man/animal resv); habitat is blood vessels
MO: immature or mature, operculate; IS is metacercaria by ingestion of 2nd IH; 3 hosts (IH - snail then aquatic plant/animal then DH); habitat depends on type of fluke
192
when cercariae loses its tail it becomes what
schistosomule
193
what is the IS and the DS of blood flukes
why are blood flukse considered the most romantic parasite?
IS: cercariae (free-swimmin released by snails in water)
DS: eggs (shed from human feces or urine in S.h.)
flukes remain in copulae throughout their lifecycle
194
BLOOD FLUKES:
common name of all the blood flukes?
S. japonicum: Oriental blood fluke
S. mansoni: Mansoni blood fluke
S. haematobium: Vesical blood fluke
195
BLOOD FLUKES:
habitat of all blood flukes?
SJ: mesenteric veins of the intestine
SM: mesenteric veins of the rectum
SH: venous plexuses of the urinary bladder
196
BLOOD FLUKES:
IH of all blood flukes?
SJ: Oncomelania quadrasi
SM: Biomphalaria, Planorbis, Tropcorbis spp.
SH: Bulinus, Physopsis spp.
197
BLOOD FLUKES:
general pathology of all blood flukes?
cercerial dermatitis: swimmer;s itch due to its skin penetration
Katayama fever: allergic reaction due to initiation of egg laying (eggs are highly immunologic)
198
BLOOD FLUKES EGG MORPH:
appearance of all blood flukes?
SJ: has small lateral spine/knob
SM: has a large lateral spine
SH: has a terminal spine
199
BLOOD FLUKES EGG MORPH:
tegument of all blood flukes?
SJ: smooth/non-tuberculated
SM: coarsely tuberculated
SH: slightly tuberculated
200
BLOOD FLUKES EGG MORPH:
male testes and female ovary of all blood flukes?
SJ: 6-8; median
SM: 8-9; anterior
SH: 4-5; posterior
201
eggs resemble S. japonicum but are maller and infections are geographically localized. in what place is it localilzed?
S. mekongi
in countries near Mekong river
202
eggs resemble S. hematobium with a terminal spine and acid fast but of larger size and are found in stool
S. intercalatum
203
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
developmental stages (egg to adult)
unembryonated>embyonated>miracidium>sporocyst>redia>cercaria>metacercaria>adult
ms race me
204
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
common name of Paragonimus westermani and its 2nd IH
oriental lung fluke; fresh water crab, crayfish
205
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Fasciola hepatica common name and its 2nd IH
Sheep liver fluke; water plants (watercress)
206
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Clonorchis sinensis common name and its 2nd IH
Chinese/Oriental liver fluke; cyprinoid fish
207
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Opitochis felineu & viverrini common name and its 2nd IH
Cat liver fluke, SEA liver fluke; cyprinoid fish
208
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Fasciolopsis buski common name and its 2nd IH
Giant intestinal fluke; water plants (caltrop, chestnut, bamboo shoots)
209
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Echinostoma ilocanum common name and its 2nd IH
Garrison's fluke; edible snails (all hosts are mollusks)
210
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Heterophyes heterophyes common name and its 2nd IH
Dwarf fluke/Von Siebold's; fish
211
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Metagonimus yokogawai common name and its 2nd IH
Yokogawa's fluke; salmonoid and cyprinoid fish
212
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES:
Nanophyetus salmincola common name and its 2nd IH
Salmon poisoning fluke; Salmonoid fish
213
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
broadly ovoidal with flat operculum and abopercular thickening
P. westermani egg
214
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
coffee bean-shaped with zigzag intestinal ceca
P. westermani adult
215
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
large, yellowish brown with thin shell and small operculum
F. hepatica egg
216
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
with cehalic cone and dendtritic structures
F. hepatica adult
217
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
broadly ovoidal with convex domed operculum and abopercular knob
C. sinensis egg
218
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
dendritic testes and granular vitellaria
C. sinensis adult
219
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
elongately ovoidal with tapering ends
Opistorchis spp. egg
220
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
lobed testes and tranverse vitellaria
Opistorchis spp. adult
221
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
indistinguishable from F. hepatica and F. gigantica ova
F. buski egg
222
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
no cephalic cone
F. buski adult
223
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
straw colored, ovoid, operculated
E. ilocanum egg
224
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
with circumoval disk of spines
E. ilocanum adult
225
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
similar to that Clonorchis but with smaller abopercular knob
H. heterophyes egg
226
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
with 3rd sucker called gonotyl/genital sucker
H. heterophyes adult
227
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
thin-shelled, light yellow
M. yokogawai egg
228
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
no 3rd sucker
M. yokogawai adult
229
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
similar to D. latum eggs but somewhat larger and narrower and have aboercualr thickening instead of a knob
N. salmincola egg
230
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES MORPH:
genital opening is just posterior to the ventral sucker
N. salmincola adult
231
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
pulmonary inflammation and fobrosis resulting in pneumonia o TB-like syndrome
P. westermani
232
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
liver rot in sheep and goatsl Halzoun syndrome;
~ liver dse in man = allergic pharyngitis
F. hepatica
233
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
liver disease characterized by jaundice, edema and painful progressive hepatomegaly; associated with cholangio carcinoma
C. sinensis and Opistorchis spp.
234
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
ulecration of the mucosa, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and flatulence
F. buski
235
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
no marked symptoms are produced other than intestinal irritation
E. ilocanum
236
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
colicky pains and mucous diarrhea; self-terminating in about two months
H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai
237
LUNG, LIVER AND INTESTINAL FLUKES PATHOLOGY:
abdominal discomfort and intermittent diarrhea; vector of salmon poisoning disease in dogs
N. salmincola
238
Parts of a tapeworm:
- head or the hold-fast organ
- budding zone/ growth zone where segments arise
- entire chain of proglottids
scolex, neck, strobila
239
CESTODES:
scolex: globular with 4 acetabula/suckers
gravid proglottids: apolytic (detach and rupture)
hermaphroditic, ovo-viviparous
host requirement: 2 (IH and DH)
cyclophyllidea
240
CESTODES:
scolex: spatulate w 2 bothria (sucker for attachment)
gravid proglottids: anapolytic; (eggs released by uterine pore)
host requirement: 4 (2 IH, PH, DH)
pseudophyllidea
241
CESTODES:
eggs: mature, non-opercualted
embryo: hexacanth/ooncosphere
encysted larva: cysticercus/cysticercoid/coenurus/hydatid cyst
cyclophyllidea
242
CESTODES:
egg: immature, operculate
embryo: coracidium
encysted larvae: 1st IH procercoid
2nd IH plerocercoid/sparganum
pseudophyllidea
243
INTESTINAL CESTODES:
T. solium common name, IH, DH, IS and dse caused
Pork tapeworm; pig; man; cysticercus cellulose causing taeniasis
244
INTESTINAL CESTODES:
T. saginata common name, IH, DH, IS and dse caused
Beef tapeworm; cow/cattle; man; cysticercus bovis; taeniasis
245
INTESTINAL CESTODES:
H. nana common name, IH, DH, IS and dse caused
Dwarf tapeworm; none or insect; man; egg and cysticercoid; hymenolepiasis
246
INTESTINAL CESTODES:
H. diminuta common name, IH, DH, IS and dse caused
Rat tapeworm; insect; rat (rarely man); cysticercoid; hymenolepiasis
247
INTESTINAL CESTODES:
D. caninum common name, IH, DH, IS and dse caused
Dog/double pored tapeworm; insect; dog/cat (rarely man); cysticercoid; dipylidiasis
248
INTESTINAL CESTODES:
D. latum common name, IH, DH, IS and dse caused
Broad fish tapeworm; 1st IH=copepod, 2nd IH=small fish; plerocercoid; diphyllobothriasis
249
INTESTINAL CESTODES EGG MORPH:
thick striated shell with hexacanth embryo (6 hooklets)
Taenia spp.
250
INTESTINAL CESTODES EGG MORPH:
inner membrane has polar-thickening from which 4-8 polar filaments arise
H. nana
251
INTESTINAL CESTODES EGG MORPH:
resembles H. nana but lacks polar filaments; with intralaminar layer
H. diminuta
252
INTESTINAL CESTODES EGG MORPH:
8-15 eggs contained in a sec or packet
D. caninum
253
INTESTINAL CESTODES EGG MORPH:
inconspicuous operculum and small abopercular knob
D. latum
254
INTESTINAL CESTODES SCOL and PROGLO:
scolices: has chitinous hooks around rostellum
gravid prog: lateral uterine branches 7-12, finger-like/dendtritic
other: 800 to 1000, 2-8 m
T. solium
255
INTESTINAL CESTODES SCOL and PROGLO:
scolices: no rostellum or hooks
gravid prog: lateral uterine branches 15-20 tree-like/dichotomous
other: 1000 to 2000, 5-10 m
T. saginata
256
INTESTINAL CESTODES SCOL and PROGLO:
scolices: retractile reostellum with Y-shaped hooks
gravid prog: sac-like uterus
other: craspedote strobila
H. nana
257
INTESTINAL CESTODES SCOL and PROGLO:
scolices: rostellum without hooks
gravid prog: sac-like uterus
other: craspedote strobila
H. diminuta
258
INTESTINAL CESTODES SCOL and PROGLO:
scolices: rostellum with 7 rows of thorn-shaped hooks
gravid prog:vase-shaped or resemble rice grains, filled with egg packets
other: 2 genital pores, 2 sets of reproductive structures
D. caninum
259
INTESTINAL CESTODES SCOL and PROGLO:
scolices: no rostellum or hooks, with midventral and middorsal bothria
gravid prog: rosette-shaped uterus
other: up to 3000 segmetns, 3-10 m
D. latum
260
new name of D. latum
Dibothriocephalus latus
261
only cestode that is monoxenous
H. nana
262
3rd human taenia/ Taiwan or Asian taena
immediate host is: ____
cysticerci are located primarily in the ___
morphologically similar to ___
Taenia asiatica
pig/wild boar
liver
T. saginata
263
TISSUE CESTODES:
DH: man; IH: pig
IS: egg (from human feces)
dse caused is: ___
Taenia solium
cysticercosis
264
TISSUE CESTODES:
DH: dog/cat; IH: sheep, rodent, rabbit
IS: egg (from dog/cat feces)
dse caused is: ___
Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis
coenurosis
265
TISSUE CESTODES:
DH: dog; IH: sheep, goat, cattle
IS: egg (from dog feces)
dse caused is: ___
Echinococcus granulosus
hydatidoisis/hydatid disease
266
TISSUE CESTODES:
DH: dog, fox, wolf ; IH: rodent
IS: egg (from dog feces)
dse caused is: ___
E. multilocularis
hydatidosis/hydatid disease
267
TISSUE CESTODES:
DH: bush dog; IH: rodent
IS: eggs (from dog feces)
dse caused is: ___
E. vogeli
hydatidosis/hydatid disease
268
TISSUE CESTODES:
DH: dog/cat; IH: copepod (1st), fish (2nd)
IS: plerocercoid/procercoid
dse caused is: ___
Spirometra spp.
sparganosis
