Part 1: Tissue types Flashcards
1
Q
the four basic tissue types are ____
A
-epithelium
-connective tissue
-muscle
-nerve
2
Q
epithelial tissue forms barriers _____ and between ____
A
between inside & outside world and between compartments within the body
3
Q
epithelial tissue covers ____
A
exposed body surfaces
4
Q
epithelial tissues lines ___ (3)
A
hollow organs, body cavities & tubes of glands
5
Q
epithelial tissues forms all ____
A
glands of the body
6
Q
connective tissue links ____
A
tissues & organs together
7
Q
connective tissue provides ____ & ____
A
structural & metabolic support
8
Q
connective tissue stores ____ as ___
A
energy as fat
9
Q
connective tissue forms which system?
A
the immune system
10
Q
anything that isn’t muscle, nerve or epithelial tissue is ____ tissue
A
connective
11
Q
connective tissue can be ____
A
liquid
12
Q
fat, blood, lymph have this in common:
A
they are all connective tissues
13
Q
muscle tissue is specialized for ____
A
contraction
14
Q
muscle tissue generates force to ____ & ____
A
-produce motion of body parts
-move substances though blood vessels & hollow organs
15
Q
tissue type that helps to maintain body temp by producing heat?
A
muscle tissue
16
Q
nervous tissue detects ____ & receives/process signals from ___
A
-stimulus
-within body & external environment
17
Q
nervous tissue generates & transmits ____
A
impulses that control & integrate the various functions
18
Q
epithelia: continuous or non-continuous?
A
continuous- close together with tight junctions
19
Q
epithelia: blood/nerve flow?
A
avascular but richly innervated
20
Q
epithelia rest on ___
A
basal lamina
21
Q
epithelia ECM?
A
little extracellular matrix
22
Q
epithelia tissue ___ quickly
A
regenerates
23
Q
epithelia is polarized with
A
different things on apical & basolateral surfaces and organelles are not homogenous
24
Q
epithelial tissue is always associated with ___ which ___
A
connective tissue which provides nutrients to epithelial tissue
25
ECM from epithelium term
basal lamina
26
ECM from connective tissue term
reticular lamina
27
Basal lamina + reticular lamina =
basement membrane
28
different epithelial serves 5 functions
-absorption
-permeability
-secretion
-sensation
-protection
29
epithelia is classified based on 2 characteristics
-number of layers of cells
-shape of cells on the apical layer
30
number of layers: simple epithelia
one layer
31
number of layers: stratified epithelia
more than one layer
32
simple epithelia may have___
surface modifications like microvilli, cilia
33
stratified epithelia provides ___
protection
34
epithelia: squamous (def.)
squished shape
35
epithelia: cuboidal (def.)
cubed shape
36
epithelia: columnar (def.)
column shaped
37
simple squamous epithelium (descr.)
single layer of flat cells
38
mesothelium (def.)
simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities
39
mesothelium secretes ___
lubricating substances to reduce friction
40
endothelium (def.)
simple squamous epithelium that lines heart chambers & blood vessels
41
endothelium controls ___
vessel permeability
42
simple squamous epithelium function
-Secretes serous fluid (reduces friction)
-controls vessel permeability
-allows material to pass by diffusion
43
simple squamous epithelium example (4)
-Mesothelium (body cavities),
-endothelium (blood cells)
-lungs
-forms serous membranes
44
simple squamous epithelium allows things to be ___
transported through the layer quickly
45
simple cuboidal epithelium (descr.)
single layer of cells where height equals width
46
simple cuboidal epithelium function
For secretion & absorption
47
simple cuboidal epithelium example (2)
Kidneys and ducts of glands
48
simple columnar epithelium (def.)
-single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide
49
simple columnar epithelium function
For absorption, protection, secretion of mucous & enzymes
50
simple columnar epithelium example
Digestive tract
51
pseudostratified columnar epithelium (def.)
single layer of cells that looks like it has multiple layers because nuclei appear at multiple levels
52
pseudostratified columnar epithelium: cells touch ___ but not all may reach ___ surface
-basal lamina
-luminal/apical
53
pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion of mucous, motility
54
pseudostratified columnar epithelium example
respiratory tract
55
Stratified squamous epithelium (def.)
Multiple layers of cells with outer most layer being flat
56
Stratified squamous epithelium function
-where mechanical stresses are severe
-protection against abrasion, pathogens, & chemicals
57
Stratified squamous epithelium example
-Skin (epidermis) with keratin (dehydration)
-oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal
canal, vaginal canal
58
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (def.)
Two/three layers of cells with outermost layer of equal height & width
59
Stratified cuboidal epithelium function
Protection & secretion of importance
60
Stratified cuboidal epithelium example
Ducts of sweat glands & mammary glands
61
Stratified columnar epithelium (def.)
Two/multiple layers of cell with outermost layer with greater height than width
62
Stratified columnar epithelium function
Very rare in humans – location where 2
organ systems exist (dual function)
63
Stratified columnar epithelium example
Male reproductive tract
64
Transitional epithelium (def.)
Multiple layers of cells with outermost cells being large & dome-shaped
65
Transitional epithelium function
Changes in appearance (outermost layer can stretch/expansion) for protection
66
Transitional epithelium example
Urinary system
67
glands are composed of ___
epithelial cells
68
glands are formed by ___
growth of epithelial cells into connective tissue
69
exocrine glands release ___
secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces
70
endocrine glands lack __ and secrete ___
ducts and secrete hormones into the blood
71
exocrine glands have 3 types of secretion:
- merocrine
- apocrine
- holocrine
72
merocrine secretion (def.) + example
- normal exocytosis
| - sweat gland
73
apocrine secretion (def.) + example
- apical surface pinched off
| - mammary gland
74
holocrine secretion (def.) + example
- entire cell released
| - sebaceous gland
75
connective tissue characteristics (6)
- cells dispersed in abundant ECM
- link different tissues together
- link tissues & organs together to generate overall body form (eg. Fascia)
- aid with wound repair
- protects body against infection (immune cells)
- provides structural & metabolic support to other tissues + organs
76
Fascia (def.)
-thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place
77
ECM contains _____ (3)
fibers, ground substance, & fluid
78
Ground substance is ____ (def.)
an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space
79
connective tissue structure (5)
- fibroblasts secrete ECM & produce different fibers
- ground substance - provides compression strength
- fibers
- adipocytes
- macrophages (immune response)
80
fibers in connective tissues (3)
- collagen: tensile strength
- elastic: thin rubber-like
- reticular fibers: scaffold/support branching network
81
fibroblast (def.)
a type of immature cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
82
classification of connective tissue is based on ____(3)
- density of fibers
- types of fibers
- specific cell types
83
3 types of connective tissues
- connective tissue proper
- fluid connective tissues
- supporting connective tissues
84
connective tissue proper (def.)
-many types of cells & EC fibers in a syrupy/gel ground substance
85
fluid connective tissues (def.)
-distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins
86
supporting connective tissues (def.)
-more homogenous population of cells & matrix contains closely packed fibers (very hard ECM)
87
most abundant type of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
88
2 types of connective tissue proper
- loose: fibers create loose, open framework
| - dense: fibers densely packed
89
2 types of fluid connective tissues
- blood: contained in circulatory system
| - lymph: contained in lymphatic system
90
2 types of supporting connective tissues
- cartilage: solid, rubbery matrix
| - bone: solid, crystalline matrix
91
membranes are composed of _____ (2)
-epithelium & connective tissue
92
membranes line ___ (3)
surfaces, cavities, & hollow organs
93
membranes types + example (4)
- mucous membrane (ex. oral cavity)
- serous membrane (ex. body cavities)
- cutaneous membrane (ex. skin)
- synovial membrane (ex. joints that move)
94
mesenchyme is found___ and remains ___
- in developing embryo
| - as stem cells in adult tissue
95
Mesenchyme (def.) is a type of ____
loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone.
96
CT proper: Loose connective tissue characteristics (2)
- packing material: fills spaces between organs, provide cushioning & support
- abundance of ground substance or cells, few fibers
97
3 types of loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
98
areolar connective tissue (def.)
- most common, least specialized
| - links tissues, organs
99
framework for areolar connective tissue
-open framework - ground substance & elastic fibers (for expansion)
100
adipose connective tissue (def.)
- fat tissue
| - forms deposits in specific areas of body
101
adipose connective tissue function (3)
-padding, insulation, energy storage
102
reticular connective tissue description
-network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance + reticular cells
103
reticular cells
-fibroblasts that produce reticular fibers
104
reticular connective tissue function
form soft internal skeleton that support other cell types
105
reticular connective tissue location
-lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
106
dense connective tissue description
- abundance of fibers
| - relatively little ground substance & few cells
107
2 dense connective tissue types
- regular
| - irregular
108
dense regular connective tissue description + forms what ____
- fibers aligned in one direction
| - forms tendons (muscle to bone) & ligaments (bone to bone)
109
dense irregular connective tissue description + location
- fibers unaligned & run at a variety of angles
| - forms dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles & nerves
110
dense irregular connective tissue function
-needs structure but need things to pass by
111
blood description
- composed of blood cells & plasma
| - plasma forms fluid matrix
112
lymph description
- composed of lymphocytes & lymph fluid
| - lymph fluid = dilute solution of proteins& excess interstitial fluid
113
supporting connective tissue forms ___
extensive incompressible matrix
114
supporting connective tissue support __
soft tissues of the body
115
differences between cartilage & bone
- bone is highly vascularized
| - fibers types differ
116
2 characteristics of muscle tissue
- elongated cells
| - specialized to contract (actin & myosin) & generated force
117
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
118
characteristics of skeletal muscle (4)
- cylindrical, multiple peripheral nuclei
- striated
- powerful contraction but easily fatigued
- attached to bone
- voluntary contractions (somatic innervation)
119
characteristics of cardiac muscle
- branched with intercalated disks, single central nucleus
- striated
- specialized for continuous & rhythmic beating (only in heart)
- involuntary contractions (autonomic innervation)
120
characteristics of smooth muscle
- spindle-shaped, central nucleus
- non-striated (actin + myosin not in organized banding pattern)
- slow sustained contractions
- involuntary contractions (autonomic innervation)
121
characteristic of nervous tissue (2)
- large cells (neurons) with elongated cell processes
| - smaller cells (glial cells) support (metabolic & structural), protect, & provide framework
122
neurons are (description) (2)
- highly asymmetrical cells with long cytoplasmic processes
| - impulse conducting cells
123
neurons: cell body/soma has __
nucleus + most organelles
124
neurons: dendrites __(3)
- short processes & branch frequently
- makes contact with axon terminals
- transmits impulses to cell body
125
neurons: axon is __ that ____(2)
-long process (from axon hillock) with terminal branches that transmits impulses away from cell body
126
neurons: presynaptic terminals__(2)
-contain neurotransmitter vesicles to stimulate next neuron, muscle, or gland
127
neurons parts (4)
cell body, dendrites, axons, presynaptic terminals
128
basic neural function
stimulus -->CNS --> processing in CNS --> response
129
most axons in CNS/PNS are insulated by ____
myelin sheath
130
myelin sheath is produced by ___
glial cell:___(CNS)
glial cell:___(PNS)
glial cell
CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells
131
myelin sheath increases ___
conduction velocity
132
supporting cells of PNS
-Schwann cells
133
supporting cells of CNS (4)
-astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia
134
astrocytes function
physical support, metabolic & ionic homeostasis, protection
135
oligodendrocytes function
myelin sheath
136
ependymal cells function
produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
137
microglia function
macrophages
