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0
Q

autoregulation at this level makes brain special

A

capillary level

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1
Q

marker of astrocytes

A

GFAP

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2
Q

lewy bodies are

A

synuclein accumulation

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3
Q

chromatolysis

A

in nissl preps, nissl granules disappear; sign of retrograde degeneration

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4
Q

herpes encephalitis has____ inclusions

A

cowdry type a

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5
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

degen of axon distal to injury; if axon is myelinated the myelin sheat will fragment as secondary effect

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6
Q

dying back

A

degeneration of the most distal segments of an axon due to inability of the cell body to maintain adequate axoplasmic flow or produce needed nutrients

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7
Q

gliosis

A

astrocytes responding to stimulus by first enlarging then retracting when injuries process subsides–>form a network called glial scar

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8
Q

microglia

A

specialized monocyte/acrophage which arise in bone marrow and populate the CNS before birth; not glial derived from mesoderm

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9
Q

vasogenic edema

A

when the BBB is compromised, as in with some neoplasms or infections, allowing excess fluid to escape from intravascular space the intercellualr spaces of the brain parenchyma
-vessels damaged, increased vascular perm, plasma filtrate

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10
Q

cytotoxic edema

A

when glia or neurons enlarge due to change sin their cell membranes and ion/h20 flux

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11
Q

inflammatory myopathies

A

polymyositis
dermatomyositis
inclusion body myositis

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12
Q

buzzword neuropathic myopathy

A

fiber-type grouping of atrophic fibers

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13
Q

neuropathic myopathies are

A

tDP43-opathies

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14
Q

upper neurons

A

Betz cells and axonal extensions into corticospunal tracts

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15
Q

lower neurons

A

anterior horn cells and cranial motor nerves

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16
Q

s/s neuropathic myopathy

A

degen of upper nad lower motor neurons

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17
Q

death due to neuropathic myopathy

A

results frm resp failure due to involvment of cervical cord

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18
Q

mitochondrial myopathies

A

ragged red fibers; lots of red, big cracks, not specific for mito dz

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19
Q

ratings of glasgow coma scale

A

13 or above- mild
9-12 moderate
8 or less severe

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20
Q

three proponents of glasgow scale

A

eye response
verbal response
motor response

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21
Q

concussion

A

totally reversible, transient cerebral malfunction which may be associated with a brief loss of consciousness or postural tone

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22
Q

contusion

A

physical damage to the surface of the brain; path finding

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23
Q

diffuse axonal injury

A

widespread damage to axons within the CNS that results frm severe acceleration or deceleration of the head

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24
DAI comes from ___ not ____
rotation NOT blow to the head
25
most patients with DAI
go comatose immediately after injury and do not experience a lucid interval, remain unconscious, vegetative, or at least severely disabled until death
26
common distribution of DAI
``` white matter corupus callosum walls of third ventricle dorsolateral surface brainstem peraqueductal gray area ```
27
indicators of shaken baby syndrome
retinal hemorrhages parental risk factors subdural and subarachnoid hem DAI
28
grade 1
benign, unlikely to recur, spread, or infiltrate brain extensively
29
grade II
slow grwoing but will probs come back | cant totally resect- follow/watch
30
grade 3
aggressive, requires therapy more than just surgery alone
31
grade IV
anaplastic, malignant, lethal | treat aggressively
32
subfalcine herniation
cingulate gyrus forced under falx-->impinge cerebral arteries-->infarcted cortex
33
transtentorial
mesencephalon/thal/hypothal pushed through tentorium
34
uncinate
unicated process on medial temporal lobe pushed over free edge tent-->pinch nerves, vessels-->infarct medial temporal
35
defect
surgery-->brain swells-->brain pushes itself out through calvarium
36
upward transtentorial
tumor from posterior fossa -->cerebellum and/or brainstem pushed upward
37
foramen magnum/tonsillar herniation
cerebellar tonsils pushed through foramen magnum-->collapse vessls-->medulla infarct
38
duret hemmorhage
brain pushed downt hrough transtentorium but blood vessels attache dto bone and held in place pons and messencephalon slow ttrip south hemmorhage into them
39
cerebellar gangliocytoma
cowden's syndrome
40
cerebellar hemangioblastoma
von-hippel-lindau syndrome
41
schwannoma of CN VIII
NF2
42
glioblastome multiforme is a
astrocytic tumor
43
pilocytic astrocytoma WHO grade
1
44
ganglioglioma
neurons mixed with real glioma
45
anablastic cells
wild and crazy
46
primitive cells
so undifferentiated; barely any cytoplasm; stay alive but not differentiating in anyway
47
medulloepithelioma
rare birdl on the edge of reality
48
craniopharyngiom
from epithelial rests embryologically and border the sella turcica
49
germ cell tumors
same as tumors you find in ovaries and testes but are in the brain
50
non-menigothelial tumors of the meninges
benign mesenchymal malignant mesenchymal primary melanocytic lesions hemopoietic neoplasms
51
hemangioblastoma
tumor of cerebellum; tiny blood vessels+ big foam cells in between
52
chordoma
cells derived from primative notochord; can occur in the sacrum --> vertebral bodies --> clivus of skull
53
chodroma
benign cartilagnious tumor
54
chondrosarcoma
malignant cartilagnious tumor
55
hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma
bits of tissue mixed together
56
nasal glial heterotopia
something totally normal that isnt in a place it should be
57
grade III astrocytoma
anaplastic astrocytoma
58
no tumor boundaries, naked nuclei, necrosis
grade IV- glioblastoma multiforme death sentence
59
oligodendroglioma WHO grade
II | f
60
oligodendroglioma path
fried egg
61
translocation oligodendroglioma
1p:19q
62
ganglioma
WHO grade I
63
ganglioma cells
big, funny looking occasionally binucleate neuronal forms in the tumor
64
ependymoma
nuclear-free zone glio-vascular rosettes "pseudo-rosette"-glio vascular rosette
65
primitive neuroectodermal tumors
small blue cells | WHO grade IV
66
blastomas
small cells tightly packed together with very little cytoplasm rosettes- w. or w/o central lumens
67
schwanoma histo
verocay bodies- lines of nuclei then fibers crossing nuclei-free zone
68
most common intracranial tumor
meningoma
69
histology of meningioma
cellular whorls psmomma bodies nuclear pseudinclusions
70
cortical location
alzheimers disease picks disease/frontotemporal dementia diffuse lewy body disease corticobasal degen
71
caudate
huntingtons
72
midbrain
parkinson's disease multiple system atrophy (shy drager) progressive supranuclear palsy
73
spinocerebellar
spinocerebellar ataxia | fredreich's ataxia
74
motor system
ALS | spinomuscular atrophy
75
tau 17q211
not found in alz
76
problem with drugs that target y-secretase
if you block y-secretase, you may also interfere with notch protein-->problems with CNS differentiation-->lethal KO
77
if you immunize against the AB peptide
if people develop autoimmune encephalitis-->disaster
78
linked to chromosome 17
FTD and Parkinsons (FTDP-17)
79
taupathy
corticobasal degeneration | PSP
80
Path of CBD
heavy aggregation in cortical gray and white matter (threadlike processes) pathology in cerebrum
81
PSP
basal ganglia, diencephalon, brain stemp
82
striatonigral degeneration
synucleopathy, but no lewy bodies
83
olivopontocerebellar atrophy
profound pathoogy as pons melts away; cerebellum atrophies, superior olivary nucleus shrinks
84
shy drager syndrome
familial autonomic failure-->postural hypotension
85
parkinsonian-dementia in guam
high content of aluminum in brains
86
TDP43
bind and escort DNA and RNA into ER | mutations-->death of motor neurons-->muscles die
87
ALS issue with
supernucleotide dismutase
88
fredreich's ataxia
repeats GAA auto recessive clumsiness, nystagmus, hyporefelxia, pos babinksi onset in children cardiac fibrosis-->cardiomyopathy
89
cells that are most suceptible to ischemia
hippocampal cells in CA1 | purkinje cells in cerebellum
90
how long until red neuron develops
6-8 hours
91
24-36 hrs
neutrophils at boundary
92
36-73 hrs
macrophages replace neutrophils
93
7-9 days
astrocytes begin to become reactive and progress towards full glial scar
94
watershed/boundary zone infarction
blood pressure drops to level where proximal part of territory is perfused, but distal is not
95
venous infarcts are
hemorrhagic
96
telangiectasias
tiny blood vessels that are dilated more than they should be
97
cavernous hemangiomas
hemangiomas made of veins; hemorrhages and seizures are possible
98
AVM
tangle of vessels in brain or on its surface that bypassnormal brain tissue and directly divert blood frm the arteries to the veins
99
congophillic angiopathy
amyloid precursor preotin | looks like subdural hematoma, but neurosurgeon knows it is not
100
microscopic CJD
sponge background red reactive astrocytes dont see a single neuron
101
startle myoclonic
CJD
102
JC virus causes
PML
103
herpes tends to infect
temporal lobe
104
herpes encephalitis has infiltration of
almost only macrophages & lymphocytes
105
lymphocytic perivascular cuffing
think virus, esp in patients with latered mental state
106
cowdry type A
herpes virus
107
HIV encephalitis
giant celsl
108
CNS lymphoma
primitive, enlarged b cells-->look like plasma cells
109
PML gross
parietal occipital lobe melting- white matter
110
toxo
small hemmorhagic, necrotic lesions toxoplasma pseudocyst: organism has replicated and filled cell found in normal people; but held in check by immune system
111
if brain abscess...
body walls it off with collagen
112
other MS like diseases
Charcot Schlider's-fastttt Balo's concentric-altering patterns of myelin and then no myelin
113
Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis/Weston Hurst Disease
diffuse hemorrhages as signature

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