Path Unit 1 Basic

Question 1

Study and function of living matter.

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

Energy and matter being organized.

Answer 2

Life

Question 3

Conditions remain constant in the internal environment.

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

Proteins that catalyze biochemical processes.

Answer 4

Enzymes

Question 5

Shape, size & structure of a cell.

Answer 5

Morphology

Question 6

Positively charged Ions.

Answer 6

Cations

Question 7

Negatively charged Ions.

Answer 7

Anions

Question 8

Number of charges.

Answer 8

Valence

Question 9

The charged particles of living systems that can conduct electricity.

Answer 9

Electrolytes.

Question 10

TBW for adults:

Answer 10

57% of adult body is water. Total of 40 liters in average adult. ECF=15 Liters/40% TBW (plasma=3L, Interstitial=12L). ICF=25 Liters/60% TBW.

Question 11

TBW for children:

Answer 11

ECF=60%, ICF=40%. This is why children can dehydrate so quickly.

Question 12

Primary composition of ECF:

Answer 12

Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, Nutrients, Glucose, Albumin.

Question 13

Primary composition of ICF:

Answer 13

K+, PO4-, Anions (including proteins with neg charges).

Question 14

Number of osmotically active particles per weight of water.

Answer 14

Osmolarity/tonicity.

Question 15

Liberating and storing energy derived from foodstuffs.

Answer 15

Respiration

Question 16

A hydrogen atom with its electron removed.

Answer 16

A proton (hydrogen ion/hydronium ion).

Question 17

Can accept a proton (H+).

Answer 17

Base/alkali.

Question 18

Can give up a proton (H+).

Answer 18

Acid.

Question 19

When chemical substances that break apart.

Answer 19

Dissociate.

Question 20

What is left over after an acid has lost a proton or a base has gained a proton.

Answer 20

Conjugate base.

Question 21

Normal blood pH:

Answer 21

7.38-7.42.

Question 22

Normal physiologic pH (Homeostasis).

Answer 22

7.4.

Question 23

Proteins contain these elements:

Answer 23

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.

Question 24

These bring substrates together and speed up chemical reactions.

Answer 24

Enzymes.

Question 25

Synthesized in a gland and released in the bloodstream to have action upon other body systems.

Answer 25

Hormones and messengers.

Question 26

The purpose of Homeostasis (3 reasons):

Answer 26

1. Maintain pH. 2. Maintain membrane electrical charge. 3. Maintain temperature.

Question 27

Resist a change in pH when acid or base is added.

Answer 27

Buffers.

Question 28

Three types of Buffers:

Answer 28

1. Chemical. 2. Respiratory (physical buffer). 3. Renal (metabolic buffer).

Question 29

Have a defined nucleus.

Answer 29

Eukaryotes.

Question 30

No well-defined nucleus.

Answer 30

Prokaryotes.

Question 31

Three places proteins can be in the cell membrane:

Answer 31

1. Integral (closer to inside of cell). 2. Peripheral (towards outside). 3. Transmembrane (middle of cell membrane).

Question 32

The 10 cellular components:

Answer 32

1. Cell membrane. 2. Nucleus. 3. Ribosomes. 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough-proteins & smooth-hormones, lipids, detox). 5. Golgi Apparatus. 6. Lysosomes. 7. Peroxisomes. 8. Mitchondria. 9. Cytoskeleton. 10. Cellular receptors.

Question 33

A substance that can bind to a receptor.

Answer 33

Ligand.

Question 34

Comes from outside of the body (like a drug).

Answer 34

Exogenous.

Question 35

Created within the body (like a hormone).

Answer 35

Endogenous.

Question 36

Proteins of each cell membrane that are directly linked.

Answer 36

Gap Junctions.

Question 37

These are ligand-activated ion-gated channels.

Answer 37

Channel-linked receptors.

Question 38

These turn on the enzyme action, such as protein kinases.

Answer 38

Catalytic receptors.

Question 39

These interact with intracellular cAMP pathway to produce cAMP or causes Calcium release from storage site in the cell.

Answer 39

G-protein linked receptors.

Question 40

Three types of signaling pathways:

Answer 40

1. Endocrine path (hormones travel in bloodstream). 2. Paracrine path (contact signaling by local chemical transmitters). 3. Synaptic path (neurotransmitters released at chemical synapses).

Question 41

The sequence of multiple enzymatic steps.

Answer 41

Metabolic/Biochemical Pathway.

Question 42

Building up, storage, synthesis of new matter, growth.

Answer 42

Anabolism.

Question 43

Breaking down, utilizing stored materials, deriving energy for life.

Answer 43

Catabolism.

Question 44

What the enzymes are working on.

Answer 44

Substrate.

Question 45

Proteins that make these biochemical processes go faster.

Answer 45

Enzymes.

Question 46

Final result of metabolic pathway (this is the substance the body needs).

Answer 46

Final Product.

Question 47

Intermediate products that provide the substrate for the next enzyme in the biochemical pathway.

Answer 47

Intermediate metabolites.

Question 48

Breaking down nutrients into building blocks using enzymes.

Answer 48

Digestion.

Question 49

Basic molecules of Proteins.

Answer 49

Amino Acids.

Question 50

Basic molecules of Fats.

Answer 50

Fatty acids and Glycerol.

Question 51

Basic molecules of Carbohydrates.

Answer 51

Polysaccharides (simple sugars). (Glucose, Maltose, Starch).

Question 52

Breathing in and out of the lungs.

Answer 52

Ventilation.

Question 53

First step in Cellular Respiration. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, uses cytoplasmic enzymes to break glucose cell bonds and release energy. Pyruvate and Acelty CoA are created.

Answer 53

Glycolysis. (anaerobic)

Question 54

Second step in Cellular Respiration.

Answer 54

Oxidative Metabolism. (aerobic)

Question 55

More energy is produced by breaking down acetyl CoA and Pyruvate in the Mitochondria.

Answer 55

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Citric Acid Cycle).

Question 56

NADH and NADPH that was made earlier produces ATP by transferring electrons from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.

Answer 56

Electron Transport Chain (using cytochrome).

Question 57

Is used in substances that allow the cell to store and utilize oxygen. Porphyrins combine with Fe.

Answer 57

Cytochrome.

Question 58

How many ATP can be made for one molecule of Glucose?

Answer 58

30-38. Average about 30.

Question 59

Main ICF Cation:

Answer 59

K+.

Question 60

Main ECF Cation:

Answer 60

Na+.

Question 61

The portion of a liquid.

Answer 61

Aliquot.

Question 62

Difference in concentration of solutes on either side of a barrier.

Answer 62

Concentration Gradient/Diffusion.

Question 63

Diffusion down a concentration gradient, involves no energy.

Answer 63

Passive Transport.

Question 64

No energy needed to transfer in and out of cell.

Answer 64

Passive carrier-mediated transport.

Question 65

Needs a carrier protein to transfer in or out of cell. Uses ATP.

Answer 65

Active carrier-mediated transport.

Question 66

One substance uses a carrier protein while another substance comes along in the same direction.

Answer 66

Co-transport.

Question 67

One substance uses a carrier protein while another substance comes along in the opposite direction.

Answer 67

Counter-transport.

Question 68

Vesicle brings large particles into the cell.

Answer 68

Endocytosis (pinocystosis=drinking, phagocytosis=eating).

Question 69

Vesicle expels large particles out of the cell.

Answer 69

Exocytosis.

Question 70

This activates other cellular molecules by phosphorylation.

Answer 70

Kinase.

Question 71

A substance that will activate a receptor.

Answer 71

Agonist.

Question 72

A substance that will prevent receptor activation.

Answer 72

Antagonist.

Question 73

Cells can increase the number of available receptors by synthesizing more receptors, or reducing destruction of old receptors.

Answer 73

Up regulation.

Question 74

Cell synthesizes less receptors, or increases endocytosis of existing cell receptors to destroy old receptors.

Answer 74

Down regulation.