Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 1 > Patho Exam 4 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 4 Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the functions of the the complement cascade?

A

May destroy pathogens directly or collaborate with other components of the inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 pathways of the complement cascade

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Lectin Pathway
  3. Alternative pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the classical pathway activated

A

Activated by proteins of the adaptive immune system (antibodies) bound to their specific targets (antigen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the lectin pathway activated

A

By mannose-containing bacterial carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the alternative pathway activated?

A

By gram-negative bacterial and fungal wall polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is MBL

A

Mannose Binding Lectin which is similar to C1q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are MASP-1 and MASP-2?

A

Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) Associated Serine Proteases. Similar to C1r and C1s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effect of C2b

A

Acts on smooth muscle causing vasodilation and vascular permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the effect produced by C3a, C4a and C5a?

A

They are anaphylatoxins - they induce rapid mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine causing vasodilation and vascular permeability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the major chemotactic factor for neutrophils?

A

C5a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a chemotactic factor?

A

A biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anaphylatoxins are early or late in the immune response?

A

Early and close to the inflammatory site to induce local mast cell degranulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is chemotactic activity early or late in the inflammatory response?

A

Later on and remains for a much longer period than anaphylatoxins. It occurs distal and attracts leukocytes from the circulation and limits the spread of anaphylatoxin activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 plasma protein systems?

A
  1. The complement system
  2. The clotting system
  3. The kinin system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does carboxypeptidase do?

A

Removes a terminal arginine on C3a and C5a producing C3a desArg and C5a desArg. Both are inactive as anaphylatoxin a but remain active as chemotactic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an Opsonin?

A

Molecules that “tag” microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which part of the complement system is an Opsonin?

A

C3b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the end result of the complement cascade?

A

Cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 functions of the clotting cascade?

A
  1. Prevent the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
  2. Trap microorganisms and foreign bodies at the inflammatory site for removal by neutrophils and macrophages
  3. Form a clot to stop bleeding
  4. Provide a framework for future repair and healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What substances can activate the clotting cascade?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Proteinases
  3. Kallikrein
  4. Plasmin
  5. Bacterial endotoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the clotting system?

A
  1. Tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway

2. Contact activation (intrinsic) pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What activated the tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway?

A

Activated by TF aka (thromboplastin) that is released by damaged endothelial cells in blood vessels and reacts with activated factor VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What activated the contact activation (intrinsic) clotting pathway?

A

Activated when the vessel wall is damaged and Hageman factor (factor XII) in plasma contacts negatively charged subendorhelial substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do both clotting pathways converge?

Study These Flashcards
A

On factor X which when activated begins a pathway leading to activation of fibrin to form a clot.

25
In what ways does bradykinin augment inflammation?
1. Dilation of the blood vessels 2. Acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and cause pain 3. Smooth muscle contraction 4. Increase vascular permeability 5. Increase leukocyte chemotaxis
26
Describe the plasma kinin cascade
1. The conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by prekallikrein activator 2. Kallikrein converts kininogen into bradykinin.
27
Activator of Hageman factor (factor XII) has what 4 effects on all of the plasma protein systems.
1. Activation of the clotting cascade through factor XII 2. Control of clotting through the production of plasmin 3. Activation of the kinin system 4. Activation of the C1 cascade
28
3 types of leukocytes
1. Granulocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Lymphocytes
29
3 types of granulocytes
1. Basophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Neutrophils
30
Monocytes are the precursor for?
Macrophages
31
The majority of cytokines are defined as?
Interleukins or interferons
32
Definition of interleukins
Biochemical messengers produced predominantly by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to their recognition of a microorganism or stimulation by other products of inflammation
33
What are the two major proinflammatory cytokines
IL-1 and iL-6
34
What are the 2 most important anti-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-10 and TGF-B (transforming growth factor beta)
35
What is the function of interferons?
Primarily to prevent viruses from infecting healthy cells.
36
Interferons are produced where?
In virally infected cells.
37
Inhibition of cytokines will inhibit what
IL-1, 2, 6, and TNF-a
38
Define Allergy
Deleterious effects of exogenous (environmental) antigens.
39
Define Autoimmunity
Disturbance in immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
40
Define alloimmunity
Immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against another individual
41
FCER-1 hypersensitivity gene
If inherited from the mother it causes a much larger reaction than if from the father
42
Neutrophils, Monocytes and Macrophages do what
Phagocytise bacteria and cellular debris
43
Eosinophils act directly against what
Parasites
44
Basophills do what
Act similarly to Mast cells
45
What do pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) do
Recognize molecular patters on the surface of infectious antigens
46
What are the 3 subclasses of PRR's ?
- Toll -like receptors - Complement Receptors - Scavenger receptors
47
Chemotactic factors released by mast cells attract what?
Neutrophils and Eosinophils
48
Leukotrines are also known as what anf what do they do
- AKA Slow Releasing Substances of Anaphylaxis (SRSA) | - Produce effects similar to histamine but much slower
49
Function of prostaglandins
- Increase vascular permeability - Increase neutrophil chemotaxis - Suppress release of histamines and lysosomal enzymens - Increase the pain response
50
Function of platelet-activating factor
- Increase vascular permeability - Causes leukocyte adhesion - Activates platelet process
51
What is the effect of atherosclerosis on NO
It covers the inside of the endothelial cell and it then cannot release NO
52
What effects does NO have?
- Vasodilation - Suppress mast cell function - Decrease platelet adhesion and aggregation
53
How does IgE attack a parasite?
Parasites elicit an allergic response. This binds IgE which activates mast cells. Mast Cells degranulate, releasing cytotaxtic ECF-A which attracts eosinophils. Eosinophils release caustic proteins on the paratite surface
54
What is a lymphoine
In interleukin produced by T cells
55
Example of a chemokine
IL8
56
Function of Interferon Alpha and Beta
If the cell is infected then it has no effect. If it is uninfected it caused the cell to produce antiviral proteins
57
Interferon is released in response to what
Secreted by virally infected cells in response to double stranded Viral DNA
58
Function of Interferon Gamma
Stimulates T and B cells to respond against the viral antigen

Semester 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions