pathology

Question 1

why can tumours cause weightloss

Answer 1

can increase metabolism through TNF
are very metabolically active requiring lots of energy

Question 2

give an example of a gene which inhibits apoptosis in cancer

Answer 2

BCL-2 - binds to bax/bak to stop holes being punched in mitochondria

Question 3

what are tumour suppressor genes

Answer 3

genes which inhibit neoplastic growth under normal condition

Question 4

role of caretaker genes

Answer 4

repair DNA damage

Question 5

role of gatekeeper genes

Answer 5

stop damaged cells from dividing by either inhibiting proliferation or inducing apoptosis

Question 6

what is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer

Answer 6

p53

Question 7

main mutations of p53

Answer 7

missense and nonsense

Question 8

what is missense mutation

Answer 8

codes for a defective protein

Question 9

what is an oncogene

Answer 9

genes which drive the neoplastic behaviour of cells

Question 10

give some examples of oncogenes

Answer 10

BRAF, ras, C-KIT, P13K

Question 11

what is the most common mutated kinase in cancer

Answer 11

P13K

Question 12

what does it mean if a cell is polyploid

Answer 12

contains exact multiples of diploid cells

Question 13

what is a carcinogen

Answer 13

environmental agent which participates in causing tumours

Question 14

name some oncogenic viruses

Answer 14

HPV, EBV, hepatitis

Question 15

why is radiation carcinogenic

Answer 15

causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA

Question 16

name a carcinogenic bacteria

Answer 16

H.pylori

Question 17

name a carcinogenic fungus

Answer 17

aflatoxin

Question 18

what is a neoplasm

Answer 18

a lesion resulting from autonomous abnormal growth of cells

Question 19

what is a tumour

Answer 19

a swelling

Question 20

what is differentiation in terms of cancer

Answer 20

the extent to which neoplastic tissues resemble their corresponding normal tissue of origin

Question 21

what does the grade of a tumour mean

Answer 21

how differentiated it is
(well differentiated is a lower grade)

Question 22

what does the stage of a tumour mean

Answer 22

the extent to which it has spread

Question 23

what is dysplasia

Answer 23

confined neoplastic change

Question 24

what is carcinoma-in-situ

Answer 24

dysplasia affecting the full thickness of the epithelium

Question 25

malignant cancer of the bladder

Answer 25

transitional cell carcinoma

Question 26

benign tumour of glandular epithelium

Answer 26

adenoma

Question 27

malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

Answer 27

adenocarcinoma

Question 28

benign tumour of squamous epithelium

Answer 28

papilloma

Question 29

malignant tumour of squamous epithelium

Answer 29

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 30

benign fat tumour

Answer 30

lipoma

Question 31

malignant fat tumour

Answer 31

liposarcoma

Question 32

benign skeletal muscle tumour

Answer 32

rhabdomyoma

Question 33

malignant skeletal muscle tumour

Answer 33

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 34

germ cell cancer

Answer 34

teratoma

Question 35

embyronal cell cancer

Answer 35

blastomas

Question 36

CNS tumours

Answer 36

gliomas

Question 37

benign nerve tumours

Answer 37

neurofibroma, schwannoma

Question 38

malignant nerve tumours

Answer 38

neurofibrosarcoma

Question 39

malignancy of white blood cells

Answer 39

leukaemia

Question 40

malignancy of plasma cells

Answer 40

myeloma

Question 41

malignancy of B or T cell origin

Answer 41

lymphoma

Question 42

malignant cartilage tumour

Answer 42

chondrosarcoma

Question 43

benign cartilage tumour

Answer 43

enchondroma

Question 44

benign bone tumour

Answer 44

osteoma

Question 45

malignant bone tumour

Answer 45

osteosarcoma

Question 46

benign smooth muscle tumour

Answer 46

leiomyoma

Question 47

malignant smooth muscle tumour

Answer 47

leiomyosarcoma

Question 48

benign blood vessel tumour

Answer 48

haemangioma

Question 49

what is acute inflammation

Answer 49

immediate response to injury designed to deliver leukocytes

Question 50

what are bacterial exotoxins

Answer 50

chemicals released by bacteria which stimulate inflammation

Question 51

what are bacterial endotoxins associated with

Answer 51

bacterial cell walls

Question 52

what are hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 52

excess immune response due to an altered state of responsiveness

Question 53

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 53

rubor calor tumor dolor functio laesa

Question 54

what is dolor

Answer 54

pain

Question 55

what is rubor

Answer 55

redness

Question 56

what chemical are released from damaged tissues in acute inflammation

Answer 56

histamine and thrombin

Question 57

what does the release of histamine cause in inflammation

Answer 57

vasodilation

Question 58

what usually releases histamine

Answer 58

mast cells

Question 59

what do prostaglandins cause in acute inflammation

Answer 59

increased vascular permeability

Question 60

what aids cellular recruitment in acute inflammation

Answer 60

chemokines

Question 61

which type of chemokines attract neutrophils

Answer 61

IL-8

Question 62

what is margination in acute inflammation

Answer 62

loss of intravascular fluid and slowing down of flow to the site allows neutrophils to marginate

Question 63

adhesion in acute inflammation

Answer 63

neutrophils adhere to vascular endothelium

Question 64

what is emigration in acute inflammation

Answer 64

neutrophils pass between endothelial cells, through the basal lamina into the adventitia

Question 65

what is the consequence of emigration

Answer 65

formation of cellular exudate

Question 66

what can activate the complement system (3)

Answer 66

- enzymes released from dying cells - formation of antigen-antibody complexes - products of fibrinolytic and kinin systems

Question 67

what is the role of C5a and C3a (3)

Answer 67

chemotaxis of neutrophils histamine release from mast cells increased vascular permeability

Question 68

which elements of the complement system causes opsonisation of bacteria

Answer 68

C4b, 2a, 3b

Question 69

name some symptoms of acute inflammation

Answer 69

fever, malaise, nausea, loss of appetite

Question 70

what is suppuration

Answer 70

the formation of pus

Question 71

what is pus

Answer 71

a mix of neutrophils, debris, bacteria etc.

Question 72

how does pus become an abscess

Answer 72

if it gets walled off

Question 73

what is scarring/fibrosis

Answer 73

formation of granulation tissue

Question 74

when does chronic inflammation occur

Answer 74

if causative agent is not removed

Question 75

what happens to cellular components in chronic inflammation

Answer 75

neutrophils are replaced with lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

Question 76

what is a granuloma

Answer 76

a collection of histiocytes

Question 77

what may cause granulomatous inflammation

Answer 77

foreign bodies, TB, sarcoidosis, chrons disease