pathpharm wk 3-Immunity and inflammation

Question 1

What are the body’s 3 levels of defense against infection?

Answer 1

(Level one: Physical barriers, Level 2: inflammation) non-specific immunity, Level 3: specific immunity

Question 2

Define Non-specific Immunity:

Answer 2

The innate resistance and protection that the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation provide, does not recognize specific antigens, it just attacks foreign bodies.

Question 3

What are some examples of physical barries in non-specific immunity?

Answer 3

skin, hair follicles, cilia/cough reflex, stomach acid, mucous membranes

Question 4

What cellular mechanism contributes to non-specific immunity?

Answer 4

Inflammation

Question 5

T or F: Stating that non-specific immunity is species specific is referring to differences in immunity between people and other species, such as elephants.

Answer 5

FALSE. It is referring to the fact that if a pathogen gets into an organ, that organ will react. Ex: pathogen in the lungs, the lungs will respond, but other organs will not.(excluding systemic infections)

Question 6

Which three general groups of cells respond in non-specific immunity?

Answer 6

granulocytes, agranulocytes, lymphocytes

Question 7

Which cells are considered the first responders, much like soldiers on the front line of a battle?

Answer 7

Neutrophils

Question 8

Which granulocytes are likely to be present during an allergy episode or parasite invasion?

Answer 8

Eosinophils

Question 9

Which cells have an impotant role in stimulating mediators?

Answer 9

basophils

Question 10

Monocytes are the premature form of:

Answer 10

macrophages

Question 11

Macrophages are like bringing in the tanks, and are considered the _____________ responders

Answer 11

second

Question 12

Neutrophils and Macrophages both destroy invaders through a process called ___________

Answer 12

phagocytosis

Question 13

The second line of defense after pysical barriers is

Answer 13

inflammation

Question 14

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 14

redness, heat, swelling, pain

Question 15

What are the three characteristic changes that occur during the vascular (first) phase of inflammation?

Answer 15

vasodilation, increased vasular permeability and leakage of fluid out of the vessel, white blood cells adhere to the inner walls of vessels

Question 16

Exudate refers to:

Answer 16

fluids that may be exuded from the cite of an injury during the inflammation period

Question 17

What are some systemic effects of inflammation?

Answer 17

fever, leukocytosis, septic shock, scar tissue formation

Question 18

During the cellular phase of the inflammatory response neutrophils and macrophages:

Answer 18

eat and destroy cellular debris and infectious agents

Question 19

During the cellular phase of the inflammatory response these cells prevent the inflammatory response from spreading to areas of healthy tissue :

Answer 19

Eosinophils

Question 20

Platelets are responsible for:

Answer 20

Stopping any bleeding that has occurred

Question 21

List the three protein systems responsible for mediating inflammation:

Answer 21

complement system, clotting system, kinen system

Question 22

The compliment system is extremely important because activation of the compliment cascade:

Answer 22

may destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with virtually every other component of the inflammatory response

Question 23

Proteins of the ____________ system are among the body’s most potent defenders against bacterial infection

Answer 23

compliment system

Question 24

What are the three different ways the complement system can be activated?

Answer 24

1. The classical pathway, (if #1 fails) 2. The lectin pathway, 3. alternative pathway

Question 25

Which pathway is used when the complement system is activated by antibodies bound to antigens?

Answer 25

The classical pathway

Question 26

Activating the complement system by certain bacterial carbohydrates is an example of which pathway?

Answer 26

The Lectin pathway

Question 27

Activating the complement system through the alternative pathway involves:

Answer 27

Activation by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides

Question 28

T or F: The complement system is nonspecific.

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

T or F: The alternative pathway is organism specific.

Answer 29

TRUE-This pathway will only be activated if gram-negative or fungal organisms are present

Question 30

The ____________ is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site

Answer 30

clotting system

Question 31

The purpose of the clotting system is to A.prevent the spread of infection to adjacent tissues B.trap microorganisms and foreign bodies at the injury site for removal C.form a clot that stops bleeding D. provide a framework for future repair and healing E. All of the above

Answer 31

E

Question 32

T or F: The kinin system augments inflammation in many ways.

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

The primary kinin produced from the kinin system is:

Answer 33

bradykinin

Question 34

Bradykinin has what effect on blood vessels?

Answer 34

increases vascular permeability, causes vasodilation

Question 35

List 4 chemical mediators of inflammation:

Answer 35

histamine/leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 36

_______________ inflammation is a defensive response to stimuli causing a protective vascular connective tissue reaction

Answer 36

acute

Question 37

T or F: Acute inflammation is a healthy response by the body to a harmful situation.

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

___________ inflammation is a dangerous, out of control immunologic reaction lasting longer than 2 weeks.

Answer 38

Chronic

Question 39

Persistance of infection, antigen, or foreign body can lead to:

Answer 39

chronic inflammation

Question 40

Some microorganisms produce toxins that can remain even after they themselves are killed. This can lead to:

Answer 40

prolonged irritation, thus chronic inflammation

Question 41

T or F: Chronic inflammation can lead to cancer, Diabetes II, arthritis, cardiovascualr disease, and other chronic conditions.

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

If non-specific immunity is not successful in destroying a pathogen what comes into play?

Answer 42

specific (aquired) immunity

Question 43

What are the three main keypoints to remember regarding aquired immunity?

Answer 43

1. recognize self from non-self 2. memory 3. specificity

Question 44

An antibody will only have an effect if an antigen is________

Answer 44

recognized.

Question 45

_____ and _____ lymphocytes play a very active role in aquired immunity.

Answer 45

T, B

Question 46

These lymphocytes originate in bone marrow

Answer 46

B lymphocytes

Question 47

Humoral immunity is mediated by _________ and produced by_________ and ____________.

Answer 47

antibodies, plasma and memory B cells

Question 48

List the 4 different types of antibodies:

Answer 48

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE

Question 49

These antibodies are considered the 1st degree response

Answer 49

IgM

Question 50

These antibodies are considered the second degree response

Answer 50

IgG

Question 51

These antibodies are involved in allergic reactions:

Answer 51

IgA, IgE

Question 52

Infants are born with __________antibodies that drop until 6 months-when it is recommended to give a flu shot.

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

This antibody is developed at birth.

Answer 53

IgM

Question 54

What are the main functions of antibodies?

Answer 54

neutralize antigens, neutralize viruses, promote phagocytosis of bacteria, boost inflammatory process

Question 55

Memory B cells are important in humoral immunity because:

Answer 55

they can rapidly produce more antibody to withstand a second challene by the same antigen

Question 56

These lymphocytes originate in the thymus

Answer 56

T lymphocytes

Question 57

Cellular immunity is mediated by

Answer 57

T cells

Question 58

Memory T cells are important because:

Answer 58

they can respond more quickly to a second challenge by the same antigen

Question 59

Killer T cells:

Answer 59

Directly destroy antigens

Question 60

Helper T cells:

Answer 60

stimulate T and B cells

Question 61

Suppressor T cells:

Answer 61

inhibit T and B cells

Question 62

What are Antigen Presenting Cells (APC's)?

Answer 62

Cells that "process" antigens so they can be presented to cells of the immune system-thus initiating the immune response

Question 63

An example of an APC is a

Answer 63

macrophage

Question 64

Monocytes and macrophages control the immune system by:

Answer 64

recognizing antigens and tolerating self-antigens

Question 65

What is a cytokine?

Answer 65

Like a messenger, a substance secreted by certain cells of the immune system that have an effect on other cells-there are several different kinds

Question 66

Define specific immunity:

Answer 66

has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection of a particular disease-causing microorganism

Question 67

By what two ways can a person aquire specific immunity to a disease?

Answer 67

Active or passive acquisition

Question 68

Define active aquired immunity:

Answer 68

produced by an individual after either natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

Question 69

Define passive aquired immunity:

Answer 69

occurs when preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the recepient, as in from mother to fetus or newborn

Question 70

______________ immunity is long-lived, while ____________ immunity is only temporary because the antibodies or T cells are eventually destroyed.

Answer 70

Active aquired, passive

Question 71

Elderly persons may have a decrease in immune function due to what three main factors?

Answer 71

Thymus atrophies, decreased T-cell response, increased autoantibodies

Question 72

What is the difference between inflammation and an immune response?

Answer 72

Inflammation is non-specific and has no memory-will react the same @ initial and subsequent exposures; immune response is antigen specific and has a memory