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cardio & pulm system > pediatrics > Flashcards

pediatrics Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is the source of oxygenated blood in fetal circulation?

A

From the mother via the umbilical vein

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2
Q

What connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

A

Ductus venosus

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3
Q

What is the term for the necessary hole in the heart that allows blood to shunt from the right atrium to the left atrium?

A

Foramen Ovale

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4
Q

What happens to the Foramen Ovale shortly after birth?

A

Closes within days to weeks post birth

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5
Q

What is the role of the Ductus Arteriosus in fetal circulation?

A

Connects pulmonary artery to aorta to shunt blood away from the lungs

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6
Q

How does the Ductus Arteriosus change after birth?

A

Closes within hours to days after birth unless pharmacologically maintained open

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7
Q

What anatomical difference in infants contributes to increased airway resistance?

A

Higher larynx and smaller diameter of airways

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8
Q

What is the primary muscle of ventilation in infants?

A

Diaphragm

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9
Q

What is the typical characteristic of the thoracic structure in infants?

A

More cartilaginous and compliant

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10
Q

What occurs to pulmonary vascular resistance when the first breath is taken?

A

Decreases with alveolar expansion

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11
Q

What is the most common birth defect related to congenital heart disease (CHD)?

A

Structural anomalies of the heart or intrathoracic vessels

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12
Q

What are the two main categories of congenital heart disease?

A
  • Cyanotic
  • Acyanotic
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13
Q

What is a common symptom of undiagnosed congenital heart disease?

A

Cyanosis

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14
Q

What does right to left shunting in cyanotic lesions lead to?

A

Oxygen-poor blood shunting into systemic circulation

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15
Q

What condition is characterized by the presence of four defects including pulmonary stenosis?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Surgery to repair tetrad defects

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17
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Transposition of the Great Arteries?

A

Aorta receives deoxygenated blood from R ventricle and pulmonary artery receives oxygenated blood from L ventricle

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18
Q

What is the typical treatment for Tricuspid Atresia?

A

Surgery to sustain life

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19
Q

What condition involves the failure of the aorta and pulmonary artery to separate?

A

Truncus Arteriosus

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20
Q

What is the main symptom of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

A

Underdevelopment of the left side of the heart

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21
Q

What are the types of acyanotic lesions?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Atrial septal defect (ASD)
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • Arteriovenous septal defect (AVSD)
  • Coarctation of aorta (CoA)
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Atrial Septal Defects (ASD)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hole in the wall between L and R atria leads to R heart enlargement

23
Q

What is the cause of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Failure of closure between descending aorta and pulmonary artery after birth

24
Q

What is a common treatment for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Study These Flashcards
A

Surgical removal of stricture

25
What is the most common respiratory disorder in preemies?
Respiratory distress syndrome
26
What is the primary cause of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?
Vent-dependence due to respiratory distress disorder
27
What is the pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis?
Thick sticky mucus in lungs and other organs due to genetic dysfunction
28
What is the purpose of Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS)?
To provide acute or chronic support for heart function
29
What are the two types of ECMO?
* Venous arterial (VA) ECMO * Venous venous (VV) ECMO
30
What is the purpose of postural drainage in rehabilitation?
To assist in clearing secretions from the lungs ## Footnote Postural drainage is a technique used to improve lung function by using gravity to help drain mucus from the lungs.
31
What does MCS stand for?
Mechanical circulatory support ## Footnote MCS is used to support patients with severe heart conditions.
32
What is ECMO?
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ## Footnote ECMO is a form of life support used in acute situations to provide oxygen to the blood outside the body.
33
Differentiate between VA ECMO and VV ECMO.
VA ECMO: Venous arterial ECMO VV ECMO: Venous venous ECMO ## Footnote VA ECMO supports both heart and lung function, while VV ECMO is primarily for respiratory support.
34
What types of ventricular assist devices exist?
Right ventricular assist, Left ventricular assist, Biventricular assist ## Footnote These devices support different parts of the heart depending on the patient's needs.
35
What are the clinical implications of ECMO and VAD?
Hemodynamic monitoring and close evaluation of hemodynamics ## Footnote Monitoring is critical to assess the patient's response to therapy.
36
What is the significance of pulsatile vs non-pulsatile devices?
Impact ability to take vital signs ## Footnote Non-pulsatile devices may not provide a detectable pulse on palpation.
37
What factors influence activity restrictions for patients with MCS?
Date of implantation/cannulation, outstanding medical picture, anticoagulant status ## Footnote These factors determine the safety and extent of physical activity allowed.
38
What is the risk associated with anticoagulants in patients with MCS?
Increased risk for neurological events (ischemia and hemorrhagic) ## Footnote Anticoagulants can lead to complications that affect brain health.
39
What are the goals of implantation for MCS devices?
Bridge to transplant (49%), Bridge to recovery (7.6%), Bridge to eligibility (38%), Bridge to destination (1.3%) ## Footnote These goals reflect the intended outcomes for patients receiving MCS.
40
What role do sternal precautions play in rehabilitation?
Impact mobility and return to activity ## Footnote Sternal precautions are essential for patients post-surgery to prevent complications.
41
What should be included in developmental specific RPE education/training?
Incorporate activity tolerance and hemodynamic changes ## Footnote RPE stands for Rating of Perceived Exertion, which helps in assessing exercise intensity.
42
What is involved in continuous work of breathing assessment?
Assessment of respiratory function and effort ## Footnote Continuous assessment helps in managing respiratory conditions effectively.
43
What is the focus of a standard evaluation of performance deficits?
Neurological assessment and performance deficits ## Footnote Evaluating these aspects is crucial for effective rehabilitation planning.
44
what is different about pediatric airways compared to adults?
- higher larynx - smaller diameter of airways - increased resistance
45
what system is not a functioning until the first breath of life?
pulmonary
46
What are the 4 defects seen in tetralogy of fallot?
overriding aorta pulmonic stenosis ventricular septal defect right ventricular hypertrophy
47
lesion of what diagnoses are duct dependent and requires initation of PGE (prostaglandin E1) to maintain an open duct?
transopsition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus
48
what is the main cause of sudden infant death syndrome?
sleeping prone | possibly compression of lungs in prone for extended hours ## Footnote prone is only encouraged during awakened times
49
What is cystic fibrosis
genetic dysfunction that interrupts exocrine gland function - thick sticky mucus in lungs, pancreas, GI, etc.
50
what is treatment for pediatric cystic fibrosis?
airway clearance, strengthen cough, exercise made fun, posture training, tummy time, breathing exercsies, tickling, peak-a-boo, postural drainage (no trendelenburg is < 2yrs old), thoracic mobilization, stretching, aerobics
51
cyanotic conditions include:
- tetrology of fallot - transposition of the great arteries - tricuspid atresia - pulmonary atresia - truncus arteriosus - hypoplastic left heart syndrome
52
acyanotic lesions include:
- atrial septal defects - ventricle septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta

cardio & pulm system (13 decks)

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