pharmacology

Question 1

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 1

Study of what the body does to the drug

Question 2

What processes are included in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

• Absorption
• Bioavailability
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion

Question 3

What is bioavailability?

Answer 3

How much medication distributed reaches bloodstream

Question 4

What factors affect bioavailability?

Answer 4

• Route of administration
• Organ function

Question 5

Define clearance in pharmacology.

what are the 3 ways of clearance?

Answer 5

How the medication is eliminated.

metabolization (liver)
excretion (kidney)
exhalation (lungs)

Question 6

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 6

Study of what the drug does to the body

Question 7

What is preload?

Answer 7

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

Question 8

What is afterload?

Answer 8

Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Question 9

What do diuretics do?

Answer 9

Inhibits water and sodium reabsorption

diuretics are ineffective for protein frich fluid (lymphedema)

Question 10

Give an example of a diuretic.

Answer 10

Furosemide (Lasix)

Question 11

What is the treatment purpose of diuretics?

Answer 11

CHF

cardiac effect: decrease preload

Question 12

What is the effect of aldosterone antagonists?

Answer 12

Inhibit retention of water and salt in urine

aldosterone is made in the adrenal glands (kidneys) –> hormone that adjusts blood pressure, makes kidneys move more water and salt into urine

Question 13

Provide an example of an aldosterone antagonist.

Answer 13

Spironolactone

treats CHF by decreasing preload

aldosterone anatgonists are potassium sparing

Question 14

What are positive inotropes?

Answer 14

Drugs that increase heart muscle contractions

think inotropy impacts hearts contractility

Question 15

List examples of positive inotropes.

Answer 15

• Digoxin
• Dobutamine
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine

Question 16

What are vasodilators used for?

Answer 16

Promote coronary dilation

Question 17

What is a common example of a vasodilator?

Answer 17

Nitroglycerin

Question 18

What do calcium channel blockers do?

Answer 18

Prevent Ca+ from entering heart and arterial cells

Question 19

Provide examples of calcium channel blockers.

Answer 19

• Amlodipine
• Nicardipine
• Diltiazem
• Verapamil

Question 20

What do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors do?

Answer 20

Prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 21

What is a major side effect of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 21

Dry cough

Question 22

What are angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) used for?

Answer 22

Decrease hypertension

Question 23

What suffix do ARB drugs typically have?

Answer 23

Sartan

Question 24

What is the role of beta blockers?

Answer 24

Block effects of epinephrine on heart rate

Question 25

What are selective beta blockers preferred for?

Answer 25

Therapy of heart disease

Question 26

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 26

Low blood glucose, < 70 mg/dL

Question 27

List symptoms of hypoglycemia.

Answer 27

* Tachycardia * Shakiness * Confusion * Polyuria * Polydipsia * Polyphagia * Loss of consciousness * Seizures

Question 28

What do anticoagulants do?

Answer 28

Inhibit formation of thrombi

Question 29

Provide an example of an anticoagulant.

Answer 29

Heparin

Question 30

What do antiplatelets do?

Answer 30

Decrease platelet aggregation

Question 31

Give an example of an antiplatelet.

Answer 31

Aspirin

Question 32

What are thrombolytics commonly referred to as?

Answer 32

Clot busters

Question 33

What is the role of sedatives in pharmacology?

Answer 33

Pain and/or anxiety management

Question 34

Provide an example of a sedative.

Answer 34

Ativan

Question 35

What are bronchodilators used to treat?

Answer 35

Bronchoconstriction

Question 36

Give an example of a bronchodilator.

Answer 36

Albuterol

Question 37

What do corticosteroids do?

Answer 37

Decrease inflammatory response & mucosal swelling

Question 38

What do mucolytics do?

Answer 38

Decrease mucus thickness and promote movement

Question 39

What is the purpose of the Brown paper bag method?

Answer 39

Assess and sort through medications

Question 40

What should be monitored for patients with diabetes during exercise?

Answer 40

Signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

Question 41

What is the exercise range recommendation for diabetics?

Answer 41

> 120 mg/dL; <250 mg/dL

Question 42

What is the significance of D-Dimer levels?

Answer 42

Indicates the clot-dissolving process has begun

Question 43

how do (+) inotropes improve heart contractility?

Answer 43

make heart contractions stronger, raising your cardiac output to a normal level and increasing the amount of blood your heart can pump out ## Footnote helps organs get blood and O2

Question 44

what is the purpose of negative inotropes?

Answer 44

keep your heart muscles from working too hard by beating w/ less force

Question 45

what conditions is negative inotropes helpful with

Answer 45

- high BP - chest pain (angina) - abnormal herat rhythm - disease like hypertropic cardiomyopathy

Question 46

what do vasodilators promote?

Answer 46

coronary diliation

Question 47

what are vasodilators commonly used for?

Answer 47

patients suffering from angina ## Footnote CHF, MI

Question 48

when taking nitroglycerin sublingually what might patients report?

Answer 48

a "burning" sensation ## Footnote typically after 3 administrations, contact MD

Question 49

What is the cardiac effect of vasodilators

Answer 49

- decrease workload, afterload, preload, oxygen demands - increase coronary blood flow

Question 50

what side effects should be in our minds when someone is on vasodilators

Answer 50

- tachycardia - nausea - headache - heart palpitations

Question 51

calcium contributes to what?

Answer 51

muscular contraction

Question 52

Ca+ channel blockers prevent Ca+ from entering the cells of what?

Answer 52

the heart and arteries

Question 53

what does Ca+ channel blockers inhibit?

Answer 53

coronary spasm (vasospasm)

Question 54

drugs often ending in "dipine/pine" are what type of drugs?

Answer 54

Ca+ channel blockers - amlodipine - nicardipine - dilitizaem - verapamil, cardizem

Question 55

T/F Ca+ channel blockers rises BP

Answer 55

false; lowers blood pressure

Question 56

what conditions do Ca+ channel blockers treat?

Answer 56

HTN, MI, arrhthmias (SVT, supraventricular, tachycardia)

Question 57

What is the cardiac effect of ca+ channel blockers

Answer 57

increase vasodilation increase myocardial oxygen supply

Question 58

what signs/symptoms should you be aware of as side effects of Ca+ channel blockers

Answer 58

- constipation - dizziness - tachycardia - extreme fatigue

Question 59

what should be avoided when on diliazem or verapamil (Ca+ channel blockers)

Answer 59

grapefruit

Question 60

ace inhibitors - inhibit?

Answer 60

vasoconstriction and sodium retention

Question 61

what drug type ends in "pril"

Answer 61

ace inhibitors - lisinopril

Question 62

what is a major side effect of ace inhibitors

Answer 62

dry cough ## Footnote treats CHF

Question 63

what is the cardiac effect of ace inhibitors

Answer 63

- vasodilation - decrease system vascular resistance - decrease afterload - decrease preload - removes excess fluid volume

Question 64

how do ace inhibitors work

Answer 64

ACE forms angiotensin II and causes the arteries to narrow. ACE inhibitors stop the ACE activity, thus relaxing the arteries and lowering BP

Question 65

What do angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBS) have an effect on?

Answer 65

- decrease HTN - dizziness - hyperkalemia

Question 66

what is an alternative to ACE inhibitors when side effects hinder patients tolerance?

Answer 66

angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS)

Question 67

When on beta blockers is it appropriate to watch the patients HR?

Answer 67

NO. use borg scale and physical symptoms to asses fatigue

Question 68

selective and non selective beta blockers are based on whether they

Answer 68

block both beta 1 recepotrs that are predominantly present in cardiac muscle and beta-2 receptors found in bronchial and smooth muscle

Question 69

what beta blocker is preferred for therapy of heart disease

Answer 69

beta-1

Question 70

selective beta blockers only block

Answer 70

beta 1 receptors - mostly affect heart - cause reduction in CO ## Footnote metoprolol

Question 71

nonselective beta blockers block

Answer 71

beta I and II - affect heart, lungs, vascular smooth muscle, kidneys, GI

Question 72

T/F non selective beta blockers significantly increase risk of asthma exacerbations

Answer 72

true

Question 73

what is the cardiac effect of non selective beta blockers

Answer 73

decrease heart contractility HR CO BP myocardial oxygen demand

Question 74

What medications have the side effect of hypoglycemia

Answer 74

- beta blockers (atenolol, propranolol overdose) - cibenzoline and quinidine (heart arrhthmia drugs) - insulin - metformin (when used with sulfonlureas)