coulomb
(Fe and (E->))
coulomb’s law - Fe between 2 charged particles
⬇️
Fe = (kq1q2)/(r^2)
experiment - torsion balance
⤷measuring relationship between F, d, q
oersted
(Fe and (E->))
a current from a conductor creates a magnetic field
I produces B
ampere’s law
⬇️
IlB = qvB
faraday
(Fe and (E->))
moving a magnet next to a conductor induces current
lenz’s law to determine direction (created E in opposite direction as I created from B)
maxwell
(EMR wave)
- mathematical theory about emr
- emr is transverse
- created by accelerating charges
- all emr travels at c in vacuum
hertz experiment
⬇️
(spark gap experiment)
validated maxwell’s theory
romer
(EMR wave)
determined c
jupiter moons experiment
michelson
(EMR wave)
determined c (improved on romer’s)
rotating mirrors
⬇️
v=2dnf
snell
(EMR wave)
snell’s law - law of refraction (light bends from one medium to another)
young
(EMR wave)
double slit experiment
↪diffraction from slits + interference on a screen
measure λ of light
Planck
(EMR photon)
fixed energy values for “quantums” of light
fixed UV catastrophe
Einstein (emr)
(EMR photon)
photon explanation for photoelectric effect
hertz determined existence of photoelectric effect
⬇️
einstein explained production of photoelectrons
⬇️
milikan experiment confirmed einstein’s explanation by measuring Ek through ΔVstop
photoelectric effect
(emr photon)
electrons are from a material (typically a metal) when light shines on it
compton
(emr photon)
explained scattering of xrays (compton effect) off a surface
emr waves were acting like particles
⬇️
p(xray) = h/λ
einstein (nuclear)
(nuclear)
E = mc^2
m = “mass defect”
thomson
(atomic)
plum pudding model - negative electrons embedded in a positive fluid
experiment: cathode ray tube
↪determine q/m of particles in a cathode ray
⬇️
e- have very small q/m (large charge and small mass)
rutherford
(atomic)
planetary model - positive nucleus
experiment: scattering of alpha particles off gold foil
⬇️
large scattering angles of some particles –> gold must contain small, massive, positive structure (nucleus)
bohr
(atomic)
quantum model - discrete energy states
emission spectrum supports bohr model
schrodinger
(atomic)
math for wave function of particle
based on debroglie λ
