Perception

Question 1

What are the Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization?

Answer 1

Our visual world is innately and automatically organized into groups and objects in a predictable manner.
Seems to be done preattentively

Question 3

What are the gestalt laws of how we perceive grouping?

Answer 3

Proximity
Colour
Common Motion
Pragnanz (perceived as simple as possible)
Good Continuation
Law of closure (we want to perceive gaps as being filled)

Question 4

What was Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference?

Answer 4

We infer much of what we know about the world.

Question 5

We perceive the world in the most likely way based on past experience
(bayesian)

Answer 5

Likelihood principle

Question 6

Oblique effect

Answer 6

We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations (oblique angles)

Question 7

t/F fMRI has shown evidence for more neurons for perceiving hor/vert lines

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Where does our mind assume that light comes from?

Answer 8

Above. Likely shaped our perceptual experience

Question 9

What area of the brain responds most strongly to faces? (Kanwisher, Mcdermott and Chun 1997)

Answer 9

Fusiform Face Area (temporal lobe)

Question 10

the FFA is only specialized for face T/F?

Answer 10

False, dependant on individual experience

Question 11

What did Gauthier et al explore in 2000?

Answer 11

That the FFA may also respond more strongly to images of things that people are experts on. FFA may be an expertise system.

Question 12

T/F, the FFA can be trained

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is perception?

Answer 13

The conscious experience that results from stimulation of the sense

Question 14

The inverse projection problem is

Answer 14

the task of determining the object that is cast onto the retina

Question 15

Our ability to to recognize an object from various viewpoints is called the

Answer 15

viewpoint invariance

Question 16

The two types of info used in perception are

Answer 16

1. environmental energy stimulating the receptors

and

2. knowledge and expectations that the observer brings to the situation.

Question 17

Explain how visual perception occurs from the bottom up?

Answer 17

Looking casts an image on retina
This generates electrical signals that are sent to the visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 18

Learning a language involves the semantics of words AND

Answer 18

the transitional probabilities (which sound follows another in a word)

Question 19

Bayesian Inference states

Answer 19

our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by

1. The prior probable or the prior (our initial belief about the probability of an outcome)
2. The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome. (The likelihood)
We start with a prior and then use further evidence to update it and reach conclusions

Question 20

What do Helmholtz and Bayesian have in common?

Answer 20

That we use environmental data and past experiences to determine what we are percieving

Question 21

Gestalt approach favours

Answer 21

Bottom up processsing

Question 22

Bottom up is

Answer 22

sensory organ to brain

Question 23

Top down is

Answer 23

experience and knowledge dependant

Question 24

brain ablation involves

Answer 24

removing parts of the brain in animals

Question 25

neuropsychology is

Answer 25

the study of the behaviour of people with brain damage

Question 26

Removing part of the temporal lobe of a monkey resulted in

Answer 26

difficulty in object choice (neural pathway to the temporal lobe is responsible for objeect ID)

Question 27

Removing part of the parietal lobe of a monkey resulted in

Answer 27

finding objects or landmarks (path from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe)

Question 27

What is the “what” path in the brain?

Answer 27

The ventral pathway (lower part of temp lobe)

Question 27

The “where” part of the brain is in

Answer 27

the parietal or dorsal (upper or back part of an organism)

Question 27

What did Milner and Goodale propose? (neuropsych findings)

Answer 27

That the pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe be called the perception pathway.

AND

That the pathway from the VC to the parietal lobe be called the action pathway

Question 28

Top down processing flow chart

Answer 28

Knowledge—-> inference—> prediction—> survival

Question 28

Explain mirror neurons

Answer 28

MN’s respond in like to our perception of doing something AND doing it ourselves.